|
question |
réponse |
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
. Its first and purest expression was the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
This was supported and enlarged in the 1960s due to the ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
He introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
The engineer Fazlur Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube commencer à apprendre
|
|
Kolumny połączone blisko siebie tworzą rurkę zewnętrzne
|
|
|
Horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. commencer à apprendre
|
|
Obciążenia poziome, na przykład wiatr, są podpierane przez strukturę w całości.
|
|
|
About half the exterior surface is available for windows. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. commencer à apprendre
|
|
Rury oprawione/ system rur
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963 commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco, modern, and postmodern commencer à apprendre
|
|
Obecnie istnieją różne style architektury całym mieście, takich jak szkoły chicagowskiej, neoklasycystycznym, art deco, nowoczesny i postmodernizmu
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. commencer à apprendre
|
|
opiera się przede wszystkim na
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
|
|
|
