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life expectancy
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the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, given that demographic factors remain unchanged
calorie intake
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the amount of food per person per day
access to safe water
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access to water that is affordable, at sufficient quantity and available without excessive effort and time
access to health services
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usually measured in the number of people per doctor or per hospital
malnutrition
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diet that is lacking or has too much in quantity or quality of foods
obesity
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obesity Anglais
too much energy/ protein foods
marasmus
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lack of calories/energy in the diet
kwashiorkok
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lack of protein in the diet
temporary hunger
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a short-term decline in the availability of food to a population in an area
famine
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a long-term decline in the availability of food in a region
Life expectancy //i
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varies from over 80 years in a number of rich countries, such as Sweden, Japan, to under 40 years in Zambia, Angola and Swaziland. Swaziland has the lowest at under 32 years. The reason for the low and declining life expectancy in many Sub-Saharan
Life expectancy II
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Most countries would expect to see life expectancy rise over time. As a country develops, it should have better food supply, clean water and adequate housing.
Life expectancy, However III
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However, a number of countries saw their life expectancy fall betwee 1970 and 2000-05. These include Zambia from 50 to 39 years and Zimbabwe from 55 to 40 years. In contrast, in Burma one of the poorest nations in Asia, life expectancy rose from 53 to 60
Infant mortality rate I
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IMR varies from a low of 2% in Iceland to over 150% in Angola, Afghanistan and Sierre Leone. There is very strong correlation between types of country and IMR
IMR II
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Countries with a HDI have a low IMR, and those with the low HDI have a hish IMR. The region with the highest IMRs is sub-saharan Africa, with an average IMR of 102% in 2005
Calorie intake I
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The intake of food varies from a low of just over 1500 calories per person per day in Afghanistan and Eritrea to highs of over twice that amount in the developed worldd
calories intake II
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the largest intakes are seen in countries such as the USA-3774 Calories, portugal 3740. Newly industrializing countries such as China and India are associated with rising food intakes - 2951 and 2459 calories, respectively
HALE Definition
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an indicator of the overall health of a population. It combines measures of both age- and sex- specific health data and mortality data into a single statistic.
Hale indicates
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indicates the number of expected years of life equivalent to years lived in full health, based on the average experience in a population. Thus HALE is not only a measure of quantity of life but also quality of life
HALE III
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Life expectancy and HALE generally increase with educational attainment. However, the difference between these measures diminishes as education level rises
HALE IV
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Therefore, less highly educated people are doubly worse off. Not only do they have shorter life expectancies, but they also shoulder a higher burden of ill health during their shorter lifetimes than their more highly educated counterparts
Food miles definition
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a measure of the distance that food travels from its source to the consumer. This can be stated either in units of actual distance or of energy consumed during transport
Food miles advantage I
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give an indication of the carbon footprint from farm-gate to retail location and allow consumers to know the origin of the food they are buying
FOOD MILE ADV. II
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Provide information about the likely type of transportation used and the relative costs of different forms of transport
food miles dis I
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they don't take account of the carbon footprint of food production methods or the energy/water requirements used in different farming systems.
food miles II dis
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Locally produced foods may have low food miles but a very high energy footprint (growing out0of-season crops in glasshouses).
Food miles III dis
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delivery of farm produce to retailers and consumers may not necessarily take the shortest route available
FOOD MILES DIS IV
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give no indication of the use of organic methods. The food miles concept ignores other environmental aspects eg. sustainability, energy efficiency, pesticides and their effect on local ecosystems.
food miles conclusion
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food miles are useful but far from perfect as an indicator of environmental impact
Free trade
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allows a country to trade competitively with another country. There are no restrictions regarding what can be exported or imported
Trading blocs
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an arrangement among a number of countries to allow free trade among member countries but to impose tariffs on countries that may wish to trade with them
bilateral arrangements
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when one consumer enters an agreement with one producer
multilateral arrangements
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occur when a number of countries agree to import goods from a number of other countries
fair trade
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trade that attempts to be socially, economically and environmentally responsible. It is trde in which companies take responsibility for the wider impact of their business

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