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someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding commencer à apprendre
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case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort commencer à apprendre
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criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent commencer à apprendre
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to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something commencer à apprendre
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body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies commencer à apprendre
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law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/ commencer à apprendre
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written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws commencer à apprendre
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agreement /international/
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form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation commencer à apprendre
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alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
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impartial person given power to decide a dispute commencer à apprendre
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collective body of arbitrators or arbiters commencer à apprendre
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form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute commencer à apprendre
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impartial person having power to decide a dispute commencer à apprendre
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/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/ commencer à apprendre
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intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed commencer à apprendre
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person who receives an assignment commencer à apprendre
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transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party commencer à apprendre
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person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not commencer à apprendre
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law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors commencer à apprendre
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/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court commencer à apprendre
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group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company commencer à apprendre
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organisation or entity /active inernationally/ commencer à apprendre
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failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages commencer à apprendre
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party violating the terms of the contract commencer à apprendre
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requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim commencer à apprendre
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unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime commencer à apprendre
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legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/ commencer à apprendre
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field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods commencer à apprendre
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document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity commencer à apprendre
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certificate of incorporation
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to make a formal accusation of a crime commencer à apprendre
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international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement commencer à apprendre
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personal property /excluding freeholds/ commencer à apprendre
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any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies commencer à apprendre
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set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries commencer à apprendre
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1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies commencer à apprendre
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injury or damage that is not the result of a crime commencer à apprendre
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person who brings civil action commencer à apprendre
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/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
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paragraph or section of a contract commencer à apprendre
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body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business commencer à apprendre
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dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities commencer à apprendre
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body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/ commencer à apprendre
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alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community commencer à apprendre
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/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business commencer à apprendre
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process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically commencer à apprendre
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body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies commencer à apprendre
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study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems commencer à apprendre
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payment for performance of work or for loss sustained commencer à apprendre
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as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury commencer à apprendre
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body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition commencer à apprendre
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/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
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something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract commencer à apprendre
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documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity commencer à apprendre
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body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution commencer à apprendre
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struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation commencer à apprendre
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written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights commencer à apprendre
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convention /international/
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transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property commencer à apprendre
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finding of guilt in a criminal case commencer à apprendre
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punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping commencer à apprendre
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lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court commencer à apprendre
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new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received commencer à apprendre
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place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court commencer à apprendre
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person or company who is owed a financial obligation commencer à apprendre
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a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine commencer à apprendre
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area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/ commencer à apprendre
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long-established practice recognised as having the force of law commencer à apprendre
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international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN commencer à apprendre
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customary international law
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group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations commencer à apprendre
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money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury commencer à apprendre
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law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions commencer à apprendre
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a written instrument transferring ownership in property commencer à apprendre
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person against whom an action is brought in court commencer à apprendre
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defendant /also respondent/
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period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties commencer à apprendre
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disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement commencer à apprendre
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body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions commencer à apprendre
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to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party commencer à apprendre
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legally compelling performance by the other party commencer à apprendre
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carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders commencer à apprendre
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enforcement of judgements
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legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh commencer à apprendre
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provisions required for a contract to exist commencer à apprendre
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estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee commencer à apprendre
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sole use and benefit of a property commencer à apprendre
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death penalty, capital punishment commencer à apprendre
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body of law related to family relationships especially divorce commencer à apprendre
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whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law commencer à apprendre
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estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live commencer à apprendre
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grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime commencer à apprendre
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to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference commencer à apprendre
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act of bringing a contract into existence commencer à apprendre
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international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change commencer à apprendre
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the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement commencer à apprendre
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fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined commencer à apprendre
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a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact commencer à apprendre
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a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future commencer à apprendre
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the process of moving towards a more interconnected world commencer à apprendre
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department, authority, administration of government created by legislation commencer à apprendre
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party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/ commencer à apprendre
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party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/ commencer à apprendre
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amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime commencer à apprendre
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guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
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process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations commencer à apprendre
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harmonisation /unification/
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formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority commencer à apprendre
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person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another commencer à apprendre
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body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing commencer à apprendre
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third party appointed to decide a dispute commencer à apprendre
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being confined in jail or prison commencer à apprendre
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imprisonment /also incarceration/
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property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir commencer à apprendre
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official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something commencer à apprendre
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person whose legally protected interests have been harmed commencer à apprendre
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use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities commencer à apprendre
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insider dealing /US - insider trading/
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written formal legal document commencer à apprendre
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law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks commencer à apprendre
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intellectual property law
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non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury commencer à apprendre
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tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract commencer à apprendre
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interference in contractual relations
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international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally commencer à apprendre
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intergovernmental organisations
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arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts commencer à apprendre
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international arbitration
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public official who hears and decides cases in court commencer à apprendre
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territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases commencer à apprendre
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science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law commencer à apprendre
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group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court commencer à apprendre
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body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it commencer à apprendre
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includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease commencer à apprendre
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person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money commencer à apprendre
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facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers commencer à apprendre
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company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law commencer à apprendre
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law firm /also law practice/
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action or proceeding brought in court commencer à apprendre
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contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/ commencer à apprendre
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed commencer à apprendre
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advice and representation in legal matters commencer à apprendre
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broad system of rules on which to make decisions commencer à apprendre
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artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation commencer à apprendre
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selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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to be legally responsible commencer à apprendre
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a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right commencer à apprendre
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person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted commencer à apprendre
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estate granted only for the life of the grantee commencer à apprendre
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limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability commencer à apprendre
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dispute brought before a court for determination or solution commencer à apprendre
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to lose one's ability to make a living commencer à apprendre
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loss of earnings capacity
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method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process commencer à apprendre
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legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based commencer à apprendre
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memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
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criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act) commencer à apprendre
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institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions commencer à apprendre
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petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony commencer à apprendre
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misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
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statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake commencer à apprendre
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privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention commencer à apprendre
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transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt commencer à apprendre
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independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language commencer à apprendre
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failure to be as careful as the law demands commencer à apprendre
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unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort commencer à apprendre
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written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit commencer à apprendre
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negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
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process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract commencer à apprendre
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party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party commencer à apprendre
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work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts commencer à apprendre
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commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things commencer à apprendre
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court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless commencer à apprendre
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duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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person who commits a crime commencer à apprendre
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unwritten, binding agreement commencer à apprendre
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direction or command by an authorised person or body commencer à apprendre
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like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context commencer à apprendre
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physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case commencer à apprendre
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early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions commencer à apprendre
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business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together commencer à apprendre
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person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings commencer à apprendre
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grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time commencer à apprendre
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things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned commencer à apprendre
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personal property /also chattels in common law/
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sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure commencer à apprendre
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stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater commencer à apprendre
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formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case commencer à apprendre
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standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not commencer à apprendre
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preponderance of the evidence
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work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court commencer à apprendre
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body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements commencer à apprendre
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private international law /also conflict of laws/
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body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc. commencer à apprendre
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sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison commencer à apprendre
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formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute commencer à apprendre
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share, claim, title or right in property commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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bringing a criminal case before a court commencer à apprendre
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lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state commencer à apprendre
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performing a sexual act in exchange for money commencer à apprendre
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body of laws governing relationships between states or nations commencer à apprendre
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body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law commencer à apprendre
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behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling commencer à apprendre
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business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange commencer à apprendre
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compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud commencer à apprendre
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punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
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unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent commencer à apprendre
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to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination commencer à apprendre
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land and anything attached to it commencer à apprendre
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land, including anything attached to it commencer à apprendre
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law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it commencer à apprendre
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cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case commencer à apprendre
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reasonable medical expenses
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act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law commencer à apprendre
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official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations commencer à apprendre
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actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way commencer à apprendre
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granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./ commencer à apprendre
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systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings commencer à apprendre
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religious /or theological/ legal systems
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to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury commencer à apprendre
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payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property commencer à apprendre
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right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership commencer à apprendre
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interests that are recognised and protected by law commencer à apprendre
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loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay commencer à apprendre
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investment instruments like stocks or bonds commencer à apprendre
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to impose a certain punishment commencer à apprendre
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1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement commencer à apprendre
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owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity commencer à apprendre
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those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership commencer à apprendre
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used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries commencer à apprendre
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socialist law /also Soviet law/
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lawyer who practises on his/her own commencer à apprendre
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single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure commencer à apprendre
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/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents commencer à apprendre
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when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract commencer à apprendre
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amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence commencer à apprendre
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piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties; commencer à apprendre
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Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
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standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company commencer à apprendre
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statutory forms /statute/
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crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes commencer à apprendre
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where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products commencer à apprendre
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body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural commencer à apprendre
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to start civil proceedings in a court commencer à apprendre
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international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other commencer à apprendre
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law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government commencer à apprendre
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person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent commencer à apprendre
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person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it commencer à apprendre
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third party /third-party beneficiary/
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right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property commencer à apprendre
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any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages commencer à apprendre
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person who commits a tort commencer à apprendre
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wrongful acts in the nature of a tort commencer à apprendre
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treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers commencer à apprendre
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unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another commencer à apprendre
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legal examination in court of a dispute between parties commencer à apprendre
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acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent commencer à apprendre
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unfair business practices
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law which has become the same or similar in different nations commencer à apprendre
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injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort commencer à apprendre
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non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others commencer à apprendre
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white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/
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