Kultura 1

High Culture– is linked with the elite, upper class society,. It is often associated with the arts such as opera, ballet and classical music, sports such as polo and hunting and shooting.

Clearly, high culture is associated with a small elite in society, who, it is argued, operate a system of social closure – not allowing entry to ‘outsiders’ – thus ensuring that high.

Subculture– is culture enjoyed by a small group within society. In this sense it is a minority part of majority culture. They have distinct norms and values which make them sub-section of society.

emos and skaters, or religious groups such as the Scientologists (New Age Traveller Groups).

popular Culture– is suggested that it borrows the idea from high culture and popularizes it, making it available for the masses.

Low culture is a derogatory term for forms of popular culture that have mass appeal. It's contrast is high culture.

'take-away' meals, gossip magazines, and books that are current best-sellers.

Dominant culture is a culture that is the most powerful, widespread, or influential within a social or political entity in which multiple cultures are present.

Cultural hegemony – a concept developed by Italian scholar and activist Antonio Gramsci, refers to domination or rule achieved through ideological or cultural means.

Marx positioned culture in the superstructure, which for him was derived for the economical base of material practice.

The role of the superstructure, according the Marx, is to mask and justify the inequalities and exploitation which take place in the material base

The role of the superstructure, according the Marx, is to mask and justify the inequalities and exploitation which take place in the material base

Culture for Marx is therefore something which abstracts the truth and creates "false consciousness" (a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation

Culture – from Latin – agricultural, refering to the practice of trilling the soil, growing crops and raising animals. (-general process of intellectual, spirutal development,

parttiular way of life of people, periods, group of humanity in general, -artefacts of artistic activity)

4 moments in cultural studies; A. National-Popular - uses Marxism, classical sociological methology to explore questions of youth & popular subcultures,

. Textual-Representional – literay analysis to examine popular culture, everyday life, media,

. Textual-Representional – literay analysis to examine popular culture, everyday life, media,

C. Global/Post-Essentialism – focuses on questions of identity, identities that have been marginalized by capitalism (ethnic minorities, postcolonial cultures, gays&lesbians),

D. Govermentality/Policy – institutions & policies that govern cultural practice.

Frankfurt – 'to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them' – M. Horkheimer.

Culture as result of mass production influencing society and subordninate it to capital system. Birmingham – S. Hall – consumer as vital partner in decoding of ideological messages.

Poststructuralism - Post-structuralism offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques structuralist premises.

It argues that because history and culture condition are the studies of underlying structures, both are subject to biases and misinterpretations.

A post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object (e.g., a text), it is necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object.

Proxemics - American anthropologist Edward T. Hall coined the term "Proxemics" in 1963 as he studied the use of space as it relates to interpersonal communication.

The main idea is that people from different cultures have different concepts of what constitutes one's "personal space" and that the way we use the space around us is generally shaped by our culture (intimate, personal, social)

High culture - Indrect and implicit messages

Polychronic - Polychronic cultures like to do multiple things at the same time

High-use of non verbial communication Use of feelings to make decisions Long term relationships

Strong distiction between in-group and out-group Mexico, Japan, Middle East

Impression of a lack of information Large amount of information is provided in a non-verbal manner, e.g. gestures, pauses, facial expressions

Emphasis on long term relationships and loyalty ‘Unwritten’ rules that are taken for granted but can easily be missed by strangers

Shorter contracts since less information is required

Low Direct, simple clear messages

Monochronic - Monochronic cultures like to do just one thing at a time. They value a certain orderliness and sense of there being an appropriate time and place for everything.

Low use of non-verbial communication Relying on facts and evidence Short-term relationships Flexible, open Germany, Switzerland, US

People tend to have short-term relationships People follow rules and standards closely