A13: tenses

present perfect is wrong here

Einstein is gone, his life is the past - you need past simple to talk about finished actions in the past.

past simple is wrong here

This is a question about your life experiences - you need present perfect to talk about what you have and haven't experienced so far and how many times.

present perfect is wrong here

Last year is finished - it's the past - that's why you need past simple.

past simple is wrong in the second question

Sb didn't answer the phone because they were in the middle of some activity (they were doing sth and they weren't finished) - you need past continuous to talk about sth you were in the middle of at some specific time (like when sb called you).

present simple is wrong in the first sentence

The work on the project isn't a routine - it's temporary - it'll finish soon. You need present continuous to talk about activities you're doing only temporary.

future simple is wrong here

You need present simple to talk about things happening according to a fixed timetable - e.g. when talking about classes, trains, buses, cinema, TV, lunch breaks and so on.

"to be going to" is not the best choice here

This is a decision and a promise - you need future simple when you tell sb your decision, promise or offer.

"will" is wrong here

We know Ewa is always late. As a result we can be almost 100% sure it's going to happen again - use "to be going to" when you're sure sth's gonna happen.

"will" is wrong here

You can see sth is about to happen in a moment - everything you see or know tells you it's going to happen - that's why you need "to be going to" here.

past simple isn't the best choice in the second question

You can see a result of sth that has just happened - you want to know where the result came from. To find out you always use present perfect continuous.