Słowa na C-24

1 [sing., uncountable] an act or the state of continuing Continuation of the current system will be impossible. ▶ kontynuacja kontynuowanie

1[intransitive] to keep happening or existing without stopping If the pain continues, see your doctor. The cold weather continued until May this year. ▶ trwać

continued /kənˈtɪnju: d; US / (abbr. cont.; contd) adj. [only before a noun] going on without stopping There are reports of continued fighting near the border. ▶ ciągły nieprzerwany

continuity /ˌkɒntɪˈnju:əti; US -təˈnu:- / noun [uncountable] the fact of continuing without stopping or of staying the same The pupils will have the same teacher for two years to ensure continuity. ▶ ciągłość

happening or existing without stopping a period of continuous economic growth There was a continuous line of cars stretching for miles. ▶ ciągły nieprzerwany

□ continuously /; US / adv. It has rained continuously here for three days. ▶ nieprzerwanie ciągle bez przerwy

a system of giving a student a final mark based on work done during a course of study rather than on one exam Students’ marks are based on continuous assessment of their work.

contort /kənˈtɔ: t; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to move or to make sth move into a strange or unusual shape His face contorted/was contorted with pain. ▶ wykrzywiać (się) skrzywiać □ contortion /; US / noun [countable] ▶ wykrzywienie

1 the shape of the outer surface of sth I could just make out the contours of the house in the dark. ▶ zarys kontur 2(also ˈcontour line) a line on a map joining places of equal height a contour map ▶ warstwica

contraband /ˈkɒntrəbænd; US / noun [uncountable] goods that are illegally taken into or out of a country contraband cigarettes to smuggle contraband ▶ przemycany towar

contraception /ˌkɒntrəˈsepʃn; US / noun [uncountable] the ways of preventing a woman from becoming pregnant a reliable form of contraception ▶ antykoncepcja ⇨ look at birth control, family planning

contraceptive /ˌkɒntrəˈseptɪv; US / noun [countable] a drug or a device that prevents a woman from becoming pregnant ▶ środek antykoncepcyjny □ contraceptive adj. [only before a noun] a contraceptive pill ▶ antykoncepcyjny

a written legal agreement The company is hoping to win a contract to supply machinery to the government. Under the terms of the contract, I’m entitled to twenty days annual paid holiday. a temporary contract ▶ kontrakt umowa

contract2 /kənˈtrækt; US / verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to become or to make sth smaller or shorter Metals contract as they cool. ‘ I’m’ is the contracted form of ‘ I am.’ ▶ kurczyć (się) skracać zmniejszać (się)

to get an illness or disease, especially a serious one to contract pneumonia ▶ nabawić się zarażać się

contract sth out (to sb) to arrange for work to be done by sb outside your own company ▶ zlecać (pracę na zewnątrz)

1 [uncountable] the process of becoming or of making sth become smaller or shorter the expansion and contraction of a muscle ▶ kurczenie (się) zmniejszanie

contractor /kənˈtræktə(r); US / noun [countable] a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company a building contractor ▶ wykonawca

contractual /kənˈtræktʃuəl; US / adj. connected with or included in a contract ▶ kontraktowy zawarty w kontrakcie

1 to say that sth is wrong or untrue; to say the opposite of sth I didn’t dare contradict him, but I think he was wrong. ▶ zaprzeczać sprzeciwiać się

contradiction /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a statement, fact or action that is opposite to or different from another one There were a number of contradictions in what he told the police.

contradictory /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri; US / adj. being opposite to or not matching sth else Contradictory reports appeared in the newspapers. ▶ sprzeczny

contraflow /ˈkɒntrəfləʊ; US / noun [countable] the system that is used when one half of a wide road is closed for repairs, and traffic going in both directions has to use the other side

1 [only before a noun] completely different I thought it was possible, but she took the contrary view. ▶ przeciwny  OPPOSITE  opposite

on the contrary the opposite is true; certainly not ‘ You look as if you’re not enjoying yourself.’ ‘ On the contrary, I’m having a great time.’ ▶ wprost przeciwnie

[uncountable] comparison between two people or things that shows the differences between them In contrast to previous years, we’ve had a very successful summer. He was friendly and talkative; she, by contrast, said nothing. przeciwieństwo, odróżnienie

1[transitive] contrast (A and/with B) to compare people or things in order to show the differences It’s interesting to contrast the various styles of architecture The film contrasts his poor childhood with later life as a millionaire. ▶ przeciwstawiac

contrasting /kənˈtrɑ: stɪŋ; US -ˈtræs- / adj. very different in style, colour or attitude bright, contrasting colours contrasting opinions ▶ kontrastujący kontrastowy

contribute (sth) (to/towards sth) 1[intransitive, transitive] to give a part of the total, together with others Would you like to contribute towards our collection for famine relief?

2[intransitive] to be one of the causes of sth It is not known whether the bad weather contributed to the accident. ▶ wnosić swój udział

contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbju:ʃn; US / noun [countable] a contribution (to/towards sth) something that you give, especially money or help, or do together with other people If we all make a small contribution, we’ll be able to buy Ray a good present.

contributory /kənˈtrɪbjətəri; US -tɔ: ri / adj. helping to cause or produce sth Alcohol was a contributory factor in her death. ▶ przyczyniający się

1[uncountable] control (of/over sb/sth) power and ability to make sb/sth do what you want Rebels managed to take control of (przejeli kontrolę nad) the radio station. His anger eventually subsided and he was able to get control over himself.

2[countable, uncountable] (a) control (on/over sth) a limit on sth; a way of keeping sb/sth within certain limits price controls The faults forced the company to review its quality control procedures. crowd control ▶ regulacja nadzór

under control being dealt with successfully It took several hours to bring the fire under control (aby opanować ogień). She finds it difficult to keep her feelings under control. Z trudem panuje nad swoimi uczuciami. ▶ pod kontrolą

be/get out of control to be/become impossible to deal with The demonstration got out of control and fighting broke out. ▶ wymykać się spod kontroli

be in control (of sth) to have the power or ability to deal with sth Who is in control of the project? The police are again in control of the area following last night’s violence. ▶ kierować być u steru

1 to have power and ability to make sb/sth do what you want One family controls the company. Police struggled to control the crowd. I couldn’t control myself any longer and burst out laughing. ▶ mieć władzę nad kimś/czymś panować nad kimś/czymś

□ controller /; US / noun [countable] air traffic controllers ▶ kontroler zarządzający

1done or arranged in a very careful way a controlled explosion a controlled environment ▶ kontrolowany

controversial /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl; US / adj. causing public discussion and disagreement a controversial issue/decision/plan ▶ kontrowersyjny

noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. controversies) public discussion and disagreement about sth The plans for changing the city centre caused much controversy. The new movie has been surrounded by controversy from the start. ▶ kontrowersja

convalesce /ˌkɒnvəˈles; US / verb [intransitive] to rest and get better over a period of time after an illness ▶ powracać do zdrowia (np. w sanatorium) □ convalescence /; US / noun [sing., uncountable] ▶ rekonwalescencja

1 [uncountable] the quality of being easy, useful or suitable for sb a building designed for the convenience of disabled people For convenience, you can pay for everything at once. ▶ wygoda

1 suitable or practical for a particular purpose; not causing difficulty I’m willing to meet you on any day that’s convenient for you. It isn’t convenient to talk at the moment – I’m in the middle of a meeting. ▶ dogodny wygodny

□ conveniently /; US / adv. 1 Conveniently (na szczęście), a bus was waiting when I got there. ▶ wygodnie 2 The house is conveniently situated close to the beach. ▶ dogodnie

1 [countable, uncountable] a traditional way of behaving or of doing sth A speech by the bride’s father is one of the conventions of a wedding. The film shows no respect for convention. ▶ zwyczaj obyczaj

conventional /kənˈvenʃənl; US / adj. always behaving in a traditional or normal way conventional attitudes I quite like him but he’s so conventional. ▶ konwencjonalny stereotypowy tradycyjny

conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a talk between two or more people I had a long conversation with her about her plans for the future.

not formal; as used in conversation a casual and conversational tone I learnt conversational Spanish at evening classes. ▶ potoczny konwersacyjny swobodny 2 connected with conversation Men have a more direct conversational style. ▶ konwersacyjny

converse1 /kənˈvɜ: s; US / verb [intransitive] converse (with sb) (formal) to talk to sb; to have a conversation with sb She conversed with the Czechs in German. The two men were conversing on music and opera. ▶ rozmawiać konwersować

converse2 /ˈkɒnvɜ: s (the converse) noun [sing.] (formal) the opposite or reverse of a fact or statement Building new roads increases traffic and the converse is equally true: reducing the number and size of roads means less traffic. ▶ odwrotność

noun [countable, uncountable] (a) conversion (from sth) (into/to sth) 1 the act or process of changing from one form, system or use to another a conversion table for miles and kilometres a metric conversion ▶ zamiana przemiana

1convert (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) a sofa that converts into a double bed How do you convert (przeliczyć) pounds into kilos? They’re converting (przebudowują) the house into four flats. ▶ zamieniać (się), przemieniać

convertible1 /kənˈvɜ: təbl able to be changed into another form convertible currencies ▶ rozkładany wymienialny

convex /ˈkɒnveks; US / adj. having a surface that curves towards the outside of sth, like an eye a convex lens ▶ wypukły

convey /kənˈveɪ; US / verb [transitive] 1convey sth (to sb) to make ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. known to sb The film conveys a lot of information but in an entertaining way. Please convey my sympathy to her at this sad time. ▶ przekazywać

conˈveyor belt noun [countable] a moving belt that carries objects from one place to another, for example in a factory ▶ transporter taśmowy

convict1 /kənˈvɪkt; US / verb [transitive] convict sb (of sth) to say officially in a court of law that sb is guilty of a crime He was convicted of armed robbery and sent to prison. a convicted criminal ▶ skazywać zasądzać

convict2 /ˈkɒnvɪkt; US / noun [countable] a person who has been found guilty of a crime and put in prison ▶ skazan-y/a więzień skazaniec

1 [countable, uncountable] the act of finding sb guilty of a crime in a court of law He has several previous convictions for burglary. ▶ skazanie wyrok zasądzenie

convince /kənˈvɪns; US / verb [transitive] 1convince sb (of sth/that...) to succeed in making sb believe sth She convinced him of the need to go back. I couldn’t convince her that I was right. ▶ przekonać ⇨ look at persuade

convinced /kənˈvɪnst; US / adj. [not before a noun] completely sure about sth He’s convinced of his ability to win. I’m not convinced that we’re on the right road. ▶ przekonany przeświadczony

convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ; US / adj. 1 able to make sb believe sth Her explanation for her absence wasn’t very convincing. ▶ przekonujący 2 (used about a victory) complete; clear a convincing win ▶ zdecydowany

convoy /ˈkɒnvɔɪ; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a group of vehicles or ships travelling together a convoy of lorries warships travelling in convoy ▶ konwój

convulse /kənˈvʌls; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to make sudden violent movements that you cannot control; to cause sb to move in this way He was convulsed with pain. ▶ wstrząsać (się) przyprawiać o konwulsje

convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃn; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] a sudden violent movement that you cannot control Children sometimes have convulsions when they are ill. ▶ konwulsja drgawka

coo /ku:; US / verb [intransitive] 1 to make a soft low sound like a dove ▶ gruchać 2 to speak in a soft, gentle voice He went to the cot and cooed over the baby. ▶ gruchać gaworzyć

1[intransitive, transitive] to prepare food for eating by heating it My mother taught me how to cook. The sauce should be cooked on low heat for twenty minutes. He cooked us a meal. ▶ gotować

cook2 /kʊk; US / noun [countable] a person who cooks My sister is an excellent cook. He works as a cook in a hotel restaurant. ▶ kucha-rz/rka

ˈcookery book (also cookbook /ˈkʊkbʊk; US /) noun [countable] a book that gives instructions on cooking and contains recipes ▶ książka kucharska

cooker /ˈkʊkə(r); US / noun [countable] a large piece of kitchen equipment for cooking using gas or electricity. It consists of an oven, a flat top on which pans can be placed and often a grill. ▶ kuchenka piec

biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt; US / (US cookie /ˈkʊki; US /) noun [countable] 1 a type of small cake that is thin, hard and usually sweet a chocolate biscuit a packet of biscuits ▶ herbatnik

cooking /ˈkʊkɪŋ; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the preparation of food for eating Cooking is one of her hobbies. In our house, I do the cleaning and my husband does the cooking. ▶ gotowanie

cool1 /ku: l; US / adj. 1 fairly cold; not hot or warm It was a cool evening so I put on a pullover. The sea has suddenly become much cooler. What I’d like is a long cool drink. ▶ chłodny ⇨ note at cold1

coolness /; US / noun [uncountable] the coolness of the water his coolness under stress their coolness towards strangers ▶ chłód spokój rezerwa

[intransitive, transitive] cool (sth/sb) (down/off) to lower the temperature of sth; to become cool1 (1) Let the soup cool (down). After the game we needed to cool off. A nice cold drink will soon cool you down. ▶ stygnąć chłodzić (się) studzić

cool (sb) down/off to become or make sb calmer ▶ uspokajać (się) opanowywać (się)

cool3 /ku: l; US / noun (the cool) [sing.] a cool temperature or place; the quality of being cool We sat in the cool of a cafe, out of the sun. ▶ chłod zimno  IDIOMS 

coolant /ˈku: lənt; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a liquid that is used for cooling an engine, a nuclear reactor, etc. ▶ chłodziwo

ˌcooling-ˈoff period noun [countable] a period of time when sb can think again about a decision that they have made ▶ czas na ochłonięcie i przemyślenie czegoś

coolly /ˈku: lli; US / adv. in a calm way At first she was very angry; then she explained the problem coolly. ▶ spokojnie z opanowaniem 2 without showing much interest or excitement My offer was received rather coolly. ▶ chłodno bez entuzjazmu

cooperate (Brit. also co-operate) /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt; US / verb [intransitive] cooperate (with sb/sth) 1 to work with sb else to achieve sth Our company is cooperating with an Italian firm on this project. ▶ współpracować

cooperation (Brit. also co-operation) /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] 1cooperation (with sb) working together with sb else to achieve sth Schools are working in close cooperation with parents to improve standards. ▶ współpraca

cooperative1 (Brit. also co-operative) /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv; US / adj. 1 done by people working together a cooperative business venture ▶ wspólny spółdzielczy

cooperative2 (Brit. also co-operative) /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv; US / noun [countable] a business or organization that is owned and run by all of the people who work for it a workers’ cooperative ▶ spółdzielnia

coordinate1 (Brit. also co-ordinate) /kəʊˈɔ: dɪneɪt; US / verb [transitive] to organize different things or people so that they work together It is her job to coordinate the various departments. ▶ koordynować

coordinate2 (Brit. also co-ordinate) /kəʊˈɔ: dɪnət; US / noun [countable] one of the two sets of numbers and/or letters that are used for finding the position of a point on a map ▶ współrzędna

coordination (Brit. also co-ordination) /kəʊˌɔ: dɪˈneɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the organization of different things or people so that they work together ▶ koordynacja współdziałanie

coordinator (Brit. also co-ordinator) /kəʊˈɔ: dɪneɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who is responsible for organizing different things or people so that they work together a project co-ordinator ▶ koordynator prowadząc-y/a

cope /kəʊp; US / verb [intransitive] cope (with sb/sth) to deal successfully with a difficult matter or situation She sometimes finds it difficult to cope with all the pressure at work. ▶ radzić sobie podołać  SYNONYM  manage

photocopier /ˈfəʊtəʊkɒpiə(r); US / (especially US copier /ˈkɒpiə(r); US /) noun [countable] a machine that makes copies of documents by photographing them ▶ kserograf fotokopiarka

noun 1 [uncountable] (symbol Cu) a common reddish-brown metal water pipes made of copper copper wire ▶ miedź miedziany 2[countable] (Brit.) a coin of low value made of brown metal I only had a few coppers left. ▶ miedziak drobniak

copse /kɒps; US / noun [countable] a small area of trees or bushes ▶ zagajnik

copulate /ˈkɒpjuleɪt; US / verb [intransitive] (formal) (used especially about animals) to have sex ▶ spółkować kopulować □ copulation /ˌkɒpjuˈleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ spółkowanie kopulacja

copy1 /ˈkɒpi; US / noun [countable] (pl. copies 1 something that is made to look exactly like sth else I kept a copy of the letter I wrote. The painting isn’t an original, of course, it’s only a copy. the master copy oryginał ▶ kopia

It is illegal to copy videos. ▶ kopiować 2[transitive] copy sth (down/out) to write down sth exactly as it is written somewhere else I copied down the address on the brochure. I copied out the letter more neatly. ▶ przepisywać

copycat /ˈkɒpikæt; US / noun [countable] (informal) (used especially by children about and to a person who copies what sb else does because they have no ideas of their own) ▶ (przen.) papuga

copyright /ˈkɒpiraɪt; US / noun [countable, uncountable] the legal right to be the only person who may print, copy, perform, etc. a piece of original work, such as a book, a song or a computer program Who owns the copyright? ▶ prawo autorskie