Processes at work during translation 20.03

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commencer à apprendre

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question		réponse
1. Borrowing commencer à apprendre		– taking the word from SL and maintaining it in the TL (mostly technical, scientific texts – the computer terminology)
2. A calque commencer à apprendre		- (not a good option) an expression from the ST is transferred literally into the TT – inventing an expression which does not exist. mapa drogowa - road map, It’s not that they want it’ – To nie jest tak że
3. Literal Translation commencer à apprendre		– translating word for word in a way that does not change the meaning. To be or not to be: that is a question. Być albo nie być: oto jest pytanie.
4. Transposition commencer à apprendre		changing word class without changing meaning (nouns to verbs, adj, etc.) Bus stop = przystanek autobusowy, train ticket = bilet kolejowy, Węzeł kolana (noun) spod krótkiej tuniki = a knotted knee (adj)
5. Modulation commencer à apprendre		rendering the TT from a different point of view to that of the ST Miss Duncan tancerka, Jaki tam obłok – This isn’t Miss Duncan, Not the drifting cloud
6. Equivalence commencer à apprendre		essentially cultural, Expletives, idiomatic expressions ouch! – oj!, świerzy jak poranek – fresh as a daisy, at 9 am sharp – ppunkt 9 rano, speak of the devil – o wilku mowa, pijany jak bela – drunk as a lord
7. Adaptation commencer à apprendre		similar to equivalence but ensuring the translation is just a relevant and meaningful as the ST Mainly shifts in semantic categories eg. dom = house, building, home jestem w domu – I am at home To jest mój dom – This is mu house I’m in the house – in a particular building we know which one

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