Principles of Flight - Section C - Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight

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axes of rotation
The three axes of flight pass through the airplane’s center of gravity.
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osie obrotu
longitudinal
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podłużna
lateral
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boczny
vertical
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pionowy/kierunkowy
reference point
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Punkt odniesienia
center of gravity
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Środek ciężkości
pitch attitude
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położenie samolotu
yaw
Yaw movement about the vertical axis is produced by rudder.
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zmieniac kurs/kierunek
flight path
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tor lotu
momentum
Momentum will cause a brief increase in altitude, but airspeed will soon decrease.
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pęd
excess
An airplane climbs because of excess thrust, not excess lift.
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nadmiar
sustained
Sustained climb
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trwały
component
When an airplane is climbing, though, the force of weight consists of two components.
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składnik/składowa
glide angle
Glide angle is an angle between actual glide path of your plane and the horizon.
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kąt szybowania
best glide speed
Best glide speed is a speed that results in the most favorable lift-to-drag ratio.
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najlepsza prędkość szybowania
steepen
If drag increases, the angle between the lift vector and the resultant vector increases and, consequently, the glide angle steepens.
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podnieść się stromo
lift to drag ratio
The lift to drag ratio can be used to measure the gliding efficiency of your airplane.
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doskonałość aerodynamiczna
glide ratio
The glide ratio represents the distance an airplane will travel forward, without power, in relation to altitude loss.
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zasieg szybowania
promptly
Promptly establishing the correct gliding attitude and airspeed is critical.
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niezwłocznie
sink
Although the heavier airplane sinks faster and will reach the ground sooner, it will travel the same distance as a lighter airplane as long as you maintain the correct higher glide speed for the increased weight.
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opdadać
bank
You use the ailerons to roll into or out of a bank and, at the same time, you use rudder to control yaw.
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przechylać, przechylenie
overcome
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przezwyciężać
inertia
Before your plane turns, however, it must overcome inertia, or its tendency to continue in a straight line.
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bezwładność
centripetal force
The horizontal component of lift, called centripetal force.
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siła dośrodkowa
centrifugal force
Centrifugal force acts outward from the center of rotation.
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siła odśrodkowa
adverse yaw
Adverse yaw is a tendency to yaw toward the outside of the turn caused by increase of the lift on the wing that is up during the turn.
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niekorzystny moment kierunkowy
overbanking tendency
Overbanking tendecy is caused by the additional lift on the outside, or raised, wing.
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tendencja do zwiekszania przechylenia
load factor
Load factor is the ratio od the load supported by the airplane’s wing to the actual weight of the aircraft and its contents.
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Współczynnik obciążenia
abruptly
For example, if you abruptly push the control wheel forward while flying, you would experience a sensation as if your weight suddenly decreased.
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nagle
sideward
Sideward G’s are called transverse G-forces.
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na bok/ boczny
transverse
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poprzeczny
severe
Stalls also can occur at unusually high speeds in severe turbulence or in low level wind shear
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ostry, przenikliwy (o bólu)/ silny
is subject to
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podlega
gust
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poryw wiatru
imminent
There are any number of ways to recognize that a stall is imminent.
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bliski/ nadchodzacy
impend
Ideally, you should be able to detect the first signs of an impending stall and make appropriate corrections before it actually occurs.
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zbliżać się
revolution
A loss of revolutions per minute (r.p.m.) may be noticable as you approach a stall in power-on conditions.
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obrót silnika
fixed pitch propeller
In fixed-pitch propeller airplanes.
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śmigło o stałym skoku
torque
Torque effect is greatest in a single engine airplane during a low airspeed, high power flight condition.
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moment obrotowy
slipstream
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strumień
counterclockwise
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przeciwnie do kierunku wskazówek zegara
to exhibit
The turning propeller of an airplane also exhibits characteristics of a gyroscope-rigitidy in space and precession.
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przedstawiać
rigitidy
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sztywność
apparent
In level cruising flight, P-factor is not apparent, since both ascending and descendinf propeller blades are at nearly the same angle of attack.
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widoczny
spiraling slipstream
As the propeller rotates, it produces a backward flow of air, or slipstream, which wraps around the airplane. This spiraling slipstream causes a change in the airflow around the vertical stabilizer.
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strumień zasmigłowy
phenomenon
Another significant aerodynamic consideration is the phenomenon of ground effect.
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zjawisko
vortex
This causes a reduction in wingtip vorrices and a decrease in upwash and downwash.
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wir
flare
Power reduction usually is required during the flare to help the airplane land.
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wytrzymanie

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