question  |
réponse |
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
Communication with others must take culture into consideration. Norms of Politeness vary from culture to culture
|
|
|
Ways to indicate Politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
all languages have devices to indicate Politeness and formality linguistics markers of status, deference, humility, postures, facial expressions, gestures etc
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
Face, status, rank, role, power, age, sex, social distance, intimacy, kinship, group membership
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
the public self-image that every member wants to claim for him /herself Negative face- the claim to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. Positive face- the self-image of the conversation partners.
|
|
|
|
Parameters of politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
a collection of rights and duties. hierarchy and position in a system of roles General rule: the higher the status, the more politeness from the lower status participant
|
|
|
|
Parameters of politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
a hierarchical organization with reference to a social institution one's rank often serves as the terms of adress
|
|
|
|
Parameters of politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
refers to less institutionalized position one assumes in some interaction host/ guest, captain/team, etc
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
the ability to impose one's will on others Sometimes high status and high power don't coincide
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
The relatives ages of the speaker and the hearer determine how politeness is expressed In many countries, a younger person cannot address an older person by his/her name
|
|
|
|
Parameters of politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
sex or gender diffrences exist in all cultures with respect to polite language in general women's speech is supposed to be more polite. In many cultures, men's speech is constrained in the presence of women
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
Social distance is a factor affecting politeness. Social distance is linked to intimacy. The more intimate the participants are, the less social distance is between them. The more intimate, the less polite they are to each other.
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
Of participants - significant others, Of setting - boss/ employee
|
|
|
|
commencer à apprendre
|
|
The relationship between participants determines what linguistic features are used.
|
|
|
|
Parameters of politeness commencer à apprendre
|
|
In some societies, group membership is important in determine what politeness strategies are used. Japan: certain honorifics used without - group members only; others for in -group
|
|
|
