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question		réponse
nouns podzial commencer à apprendre		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca commencer à apprendre		classifiers
verbs podzial commencer à apprendre		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants commencer à apprendre		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs commencer à apprendre		one participant - john is running
monotransutive commencer à apprendre		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive commencer à apprendre		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem commencer à apprendre		copular
appear commencer à apprendre		copular
sound commencer à apprendre		copular
turn commencer à apprendre		copular
look commencer à apprendre		copular
smell commencer à apprendre		copular
taste commencer à apprendre		copular
feel commencer à apprendre		copular
get commencer à apprendre		copukar
complex transitive verbs commencer à apprendre		mary considers john an imposter
believe commencer à apprendre		complex transit
consider commencer à apprendre		complex transit
find commencer à apprendre		complex transit
judge commencer à apprendre		complex transit
keep commencer à apprendre		comlex transit
think commencer à apprendre		complex transit
know commencer à apprendre		complex transit
presume commencer à apprendre		complex teansit
presume commencer à apprendre		complex transit
many commencer à apprendre		det
all commencer à apprendre		det
that commencer à apprendre		sub
verbs podzial commencer à apprendre		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following commencer à apprendre		adj
podzial czasownikow commencer à apprendre		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować commencer à apprendre		revise
konczyc commencer à apprendre		terminate
wytlumaczyc commencer à apprendre		account for
at home commencer à apprendre		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time commencer à apprendre		prepositional phrase
with me commencer à apprendre		prepositional phrase
at home commencer à apprendre		prepositional phrase
word classes ile commencer à apprendre		8
words podzial commencer à apprendre		content, function
concent words commencer à apprendre		lexical morphemes
function words commencer à apprendre		grammatical morphemes
noncount commencer à apprendre		masscount
nouns podzial commencer à apprendre		concrete, abstract, collective
several commencer à apprendre		determiner
which commencer à apprendre		determiner
whose commencer à apprendre		determiner
degree words commencer à apprendre		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje commencer à apprendre		attributive, predicative
lexical verb commencer à apprendre		main verb
paradigm commencer à apprendre		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie commencer à apprendre		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola commencer à apprendre		they determine the noun phrase
reference commencer à apprendre		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference commencer à apprendre		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział commencer à apprendre		spacial, temporal
coordinators commencer à apprendre		join the elements of the same status
subordinator commencer à apprendre		introduct clauses
subordinator commencer à apprendre		introduct clauses
subordinator commencer à apprendre		introduct clauses
clause commencer à apprendre		full grammatical unit
too commencer à apprendre		degree word
most commencer à apprendre		degree word
need commencer à apprendre		auxiliary
whatever commencer à apprendre		determiner
lexicon commencer à apprendre		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka commencer à apprendre		also known as
word class commencer à apprendre		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution commencer à apprendre		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy commencer à apprendre		arbitrary
jednostka commencer à apprendre		entity
zewnetrzny commencer à apprendre		external
classifiers commencer à apprendre		unit nouns
verbs odmiana commencer à apprendre		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly commencer à apprendre		degree modifier
very commencer à apprendre		degree modifier
three years commencer à apprendre		measure phrase
predictive adjectives commencer à apprendre		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca commencer à apprendre		traitor
her commencer à apprendre		determiner
hers commencer à apprendre		pronoun
inflwction commencer à apprendre		adjusting to the context
derivation commencer à apprendre		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root commencer à apprendre		carries the lexical information
interfix commencer à apprendre		goes in between(o)
infix commencer à apprendre		inside a single lexem
circumfix commencer à apprendre		en
3 types of compounds commencer à apprendre		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional commencer à apprendre		both elements have equal status
exocentric commencer à apprendre		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric commencer à apprendre		1 element describes the other
conversion commencer à apprendre		lexical recategorisation
back-formation commencer à apprendre		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication commencer à apprendre		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping commencer à apprendre		cutting the part of the word
blending commencer à apprendre		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization commencer à apprendre		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification commencer à apprendre		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another commencer à apprendre		pronoun
morphology commencer à apprendre		deals with internal structure of words
morphem commencer à apprendre		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes commencer à apprendre		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words commencer à apprendre		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes commencer à apprendre		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes commencer à apprendre		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix commencer à apprendre		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes commencer à apprendre		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding commencer à apprendre		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend commencer à apprendre		appositional
woman dictor commencer à apprendre		appositional
woman doctor commencer à apprendre		appositional
sleepwalk commencer à apprendre		appositional
tennis shoe commencer à apprendre		endocentric
kitchen chair commencer à apprendre		endocentric
sit-in commencer à apprendre		exocentric
pickpocket commencer à apprendre		exocentric
redhead commencer à apprendre		exocentric
borrowings commencer à apprendre		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many commencer à apprendre		specifier
our commencer à apprendre		specifier
so commencer à apprendre		specifier
too commencer à apprendre		specifier
right commencer à apprendre		specifier
quite commencer à apprendre		specifier
just commencer à apprendre		specifier
word form commencer à apprendre		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head commencer à apprendre		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric commencer à apprendre		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N commencer à apprendre		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v commencer à apprendre		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests commencer à apprendre		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom commencer à apprendre		volume
argument structure commencer à apprendre		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot commencer à apprendre		subject
orzeczenie commencer à apprendre		predicate
agent restructions commencer à apprendre		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was commencer à apprendre		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was commencer à apprendre		x - patient, theme
causative alternation commencer à apprendre		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation commencer à apprendre		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop commencer à apprendre		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation commencer à apprendre		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation commencer à apprendre		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation commencer à apprendre		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation commencer à apprendre		this book reads well
adding goal pp commencer à apprendre		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation commencer à apprendre		john shaves in the morning
agent commencer à apprendre		animate initiator
force commencer à apprendre		inanimate cause of an action
instrument commencer à apprendre		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer commencer à apprendre		the animate being affected inwardly
source commencer à apprendre		the place from which an action emnate
goal commencer à apprendre		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path commencer à apprendre		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location commencer à apprendre		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor commencer à apprendre		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession commencer à apprendre		Judy’s head
alienable possession commencer à apprendre		judys car
benefactive commencer à apprendre		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive commencer à apprendre		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient commencer à apprendre		a person or thing affected by an action
patient commencer à apprendre		undergoes a change
theme commencer à apprendre		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral commencer à apprendre		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range commencer à apprendre		specification/limitatiin of an action
role commencer à apprendre		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object commencer à apprendre		who what
indirect object commencer à apprendre		to whom for whom
case frame commencer à apprendre		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates commencer à apprendre		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments commencer à apprendre		the participants
testing dynamism commencer à apprendre		ing
testing durativity commencer à apprendre		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity commencer à apprendre		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject commencer à apprendre		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect commencer à apprendre		patient/theme
passivisation commencer à apprendre		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: commencer à apprendre		follow, precede
the double object construction forces commencer à apprendre		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations commencer à apprendre		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences commencer à apprendre		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o commencer à apprendre		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie commencer à apprendre		Still waters run deep
i think commencer à apprendre		state
przeslanka, zlozenje commencer à apprendre		premise
I will commencer à apprendre		premise
I am commencer à apprendre		intention
i’m going to commencer à apprendre		strong intention
will you be going commencer à apprendre		asking about plans
will you go commencer à apprendre		request
I was meeting commencer à apprendre		the meeting started before
i have been very busy commencer à apprendre		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped commencer à apprendre		in the past
I was hoping commencer à apprendre		polite expression
has been placing commencer à apprendre		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits commencer à apprendre		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits commencer à apprendre		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning commencer à apprendre		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning commencer à apprendre		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday commencer à apprendre		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for commencer à apprendre		repeated action
where did steve go for commencer à apprendre		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax commencer à apprendre		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause commencer à apprendre		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse commencer à apprendre		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale commencer à apprendre		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause commencer à apprendre		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause commencer à apprendre		clause within a main clause
that commencer à apprendre		conjunction/subordinator
sentence commencer à apprendre		independent unit of syntax
clause commencer à apprendre		may be dependent/independent
finite verb commencer à apprendre		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always commencer à apprendre		finite
subordinate clauses commencer à apprendre		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms commencer à apprendre		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses commencer à apprendre		always finite
modal auxiliaries commencer à apprendre		finite verb forms
that clauses commencer à apprendre		always finite
bare infinitive commencer à apprendre		non-finite verb form
present participle commencer à apprendre		non-finite verb form
past participle commencer à apprendre		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive commencer à apprendre		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type commencer à apprendre		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen commencer à apprendre		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences commencer à apprendre		finite
exclamative sentence commencer à apprendre		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form commencer à apprendre		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions commencer à apprendre		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object commencer à apprendre		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object commencer à apprendre		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject commencer à apprendre		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject commencer à apprendre		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses commencer à apprendre		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses commencer à apprendre		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject commencer à apprendre		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct commencer à apprendre		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word commencer à apprendre		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject commencer à apprendre		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj commencer à apprendre		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject commencer à apprendre		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject commencer à apprendre		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct commencer à apprendre		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi commencer à apprendre		cab
ing participle as adjunct commencer à apprendre		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen commencer à apprendre		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb commencer à apprendre		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen commencer à apprendre		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie commencer à apprendre		suffocate
function of claused complement of n commencer à apprendre		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP commencer à apprendre		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p commencer à apprendre		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts commencer à apprendre		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) commencer à apprendre		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts commencer à apprendre		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses commencer à apprendre		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses commencer à apprendre		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses commencer à apprendre		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary commencer à apprendre		clause as subject/ complement
that required commencer à apprendre		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: commencer à apprendre		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl commencer à apprendre		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers commencer à apprendre		always obligatory!!!
if introduces commencer à apprendre		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces commencer à apprendre		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry commencer à apprendre		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech commencer à apprendre		words
or, and, but = parts of speech commencer à apprendre		coordinators
that if part of speech commencer à apprendre		subordinator
your time is up commencer à apprendre		A
the balloons rose up to the sky commencer à apprendre		Adv
they live just up the street from us commencer à apprendre		P
the dog tore up the slipper commencer à apprendre		prt
major word classes commencer à apprendre		lexical categories
minor word classes commencer à apprendre		functional cat
kostka masla commencer à apprendre		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun commencer à apprendre		a heap of books
copular verbs commencer à apprendre		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet commencer à apprendre		comolex transitive
participants commencer à apprendre		arguments
verbs commencer à apprendre		predicators
adjectives commencer à apprendre		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade commencer à apprendre		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe commencer à apprendre		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly commencer à apprendre		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years commencer à apprendre		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely commencer à apprendre		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs commencer à apprendre		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries commencer à apprendre		have, be
dummy auxiliary commencer à apprendre		do
this/ that commencer à apprendre		demonstratives
determiners commencer à apprendre		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her commencer à apprendre		determiner
hers commencer à apprendre		pronoun
indefinite reference commencer à apprendre		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner commencer à apprendre		P
come roumd with some fresh air commencer à apprendre		adv
idle commencer à apprendre		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives commencer à apprendre		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete commencer à apprendre		personality- a personality
mass to count commencer à apprendre		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass commencer à apprendre		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed commencer à apprendre		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes commencer à apprendre		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph commencer à apprendre		free morph bound morph
free morph commencer à apprendre		root
affix commencer à apprendre		always a bound root
derivational affix commencer à apprendre		prefix/ suffix
simple word commencer à apprendre		1 free root
complex word commencer à apprendre		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word commencer à apprendre		2 free roots
compound - complex commencer à apprendre		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation commencer à apprendre		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion commencer à apprendre		functional shift
functional shift commencer à apprendre		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots commencer à apprendre		compound
root creation commencer à apprendre		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix commencer à apprendre		un, mis, over
suffix commencer à apprendre		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix commencer à apprendre		gramophone
infix commencer à apprendre		kangabloodyroo
circumfix commencer à apprendre		enliven
compouding commencer à apprendre		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp commencer à apprendre		kitchen chair
exocentric compound commencer à apprendre		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund commencer à apprendre		woman doctor
conversion commencer à apprendre		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping commencer à apprendre		fridge
blending commencer à apprendre		workoholic
acronymization commencer à apprendre		VIP
internal modification commencer à apprendre		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings commencer à apprendre		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng commencer à apprendre		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo commencer à apprendre		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc commencer à apprendre		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses commencer à apprendre		agent
what y did to x commencer à apprendre		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film commencer à apprendre		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table commencer à apprendre		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris commencer à apprendre		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning commencer à apprendre		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily commencer à apprendre		middle alternation
the situation types differ in commencer à apprendre		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test commencer à apprendre		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive commencer à apprendre		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test commencer à apprendre		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee commencer à apprendre		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice commencer à apprendre		telic
she ate rice commencer à apprendre		atelic
telicy test commencer à apprendre		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test commencer à apprendre		in ten minutes
atelic situation test commencer à apprendre		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure commencer à apprendre		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes commencer à apprendre		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes commencer à apprendre		telic
twierdzic commencer à apprendre		to assert
* i think about my work now commencer à apprendre		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events commencer à apprendre		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying commencer à apprendre		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct commencer à apprendre		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct commencer à apprendre		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct commencer à apprendre		in a rush
pp as adjunct commencer à apprendre		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door commencer à apprendre		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack commencer à apprendre		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions commencer à apprendre		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives commencer à apprendre		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns commencer à apprendre		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs commencer à apprendre		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement commencer à apprendre		william blushed
complements of verb commencer à apprendre		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs commencer à apprendre		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy commencer à apprendre		about/with
np adjunct commencer à apprendre		this week
pp adjunct commencer à apprendre		in the park
ap adjunct commencer à apprendre		very long
np complement commencer à apprendre		read(a book)
pp complement commencer à apprendre		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement commencer à apprendre		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts commencer à apprendre		specifiers
head alone commencer à apprendre		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence commencer à apprendre		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo commencer à apprendre		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo commencer à apprendre		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent commencer à apprendre		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents commencer à apprendre		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? commencer à apprendre		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like commencer à apprendre		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will commencer à apprendre		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet commencer à apprendre		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy commencer à apprendre		heavy np shift
the x’schema commencer à apprendre		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules commencer à apprendre		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules commencer à apprendre		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category commencer à apprendre		the head of the structure
general schems commencer à apprendre		X‘ schema
X commencer à apprendre		head
YP commencer à apprendre		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ commencer à apprendre		intermediate projection
RP commencer à apprendre		adjunct
ZP commencer à apprendre		specifier
X‘ commencer à apprendre		intermediate structure
english-head initial language commencer à apprendre		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb commencer à apprendre		object
*louise abandonedd commencer à apprendre		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase commencer à apprendre		specifier
complete phrase commencer à apprendre		a maximal projection of the head
specifier commencer à apprendre		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence commencer à apprendre		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as commencer à apprendre		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric commencer à apprendre		they r built around the head successively
head commencer à apprendre		the minimal projection
complements commencer à apprendre		expand x into x’
adjuncts commencer à apprendre		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers commencer à apprendre		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine commencer à apprendre		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np commencer à apprendre		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp commencer à apprendre		and nor will jay
the new teacher did commencer à apprendre		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = commencer à apprendre		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge commencer à apprendre		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation commencer à apprendre		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation commencer à apprendre		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will commencer à apprendre		topicalistion
postponing commencer à apprendre		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent commencer à apprendre		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps commencer à apprendre		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting commencer à apprendre		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile commencer à apprendre		no part of vp possible
coordinators commencer à apprendre		conjunctions
coordination commencer à apprendre		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination commencer à apprendre		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy commencer à apprendre		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves commencer à apprendre		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden commencer à apprendre		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams commencer à apprendre		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests commencer à apprendre		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests commencer à apprendre		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify commencer à apprendre		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants commencer à apprendre		predicate
1 place predicate commencer à apprendre		Frank is irish
2 place predicate commencer à apprendre		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate commencer à apprendre		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate commencer à apprendre		0 place predicates
semantic notions commencer à apprendre		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions commencer à apprendre		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez commencer à apprendre		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond commencer à apprendre		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy commencer à apprendre		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious commencer à apprendre		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at commencer à apprendre		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan commencer à apprendre		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated commencer à apprendre		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates commencer à apprendre		John is envious
prepositions as predicates commencer à apprendre		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol commencer à apprendre		location
people filled the room commencer à apprendre		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair commencer à apprendre		possessor
coach commencer à apprendre		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin commencer à apprendre		factirive
the chicken was baked by me commencer à apprendre		patient
it costs a hundred dollars commencer à apprendre		range
it weights 80 kilograms commencer à apprendre		range
hum commencer à apprendre		nucić
he hummed a silly tune commencer à apprendre		range
he lived out his life happily commencer à apprendre		range
lexical representation of predicates commencer à apprendre		argument structure
weather predications commencer à apprendre		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation commencer à apprendre		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme commencer à apprendre		semantic selection
experiencer commencer à apprendre		encodes animate being
sentient commencer à apprendre		czujący
* john envies commencer à apprendre		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary commencer à apprendre		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary commencer à apprendre		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc commencer à apprendre		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf commencer à apprendre		source
his leaving pleases me commencer à apprendre		source
the sun gives off heat commencer à apprendre		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly commencer à apprendre		source
i walked upstairs commencer à apprendre		goal
she did it for love commencer à apprendre		goal
path commencer à apprendre		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks commencer à apprendre		via
specifier commencer à apprendre		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier commencer à apprendre		determiner
* this the book commencer à apprendre		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers commencer à apprendre		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility commencer à apprendre		so, rather
so, rather commencer à apprendre		det
utterly as adjunct commencer à apprendre		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong commencer à apprendre		so- specifier of pp
right commencer à apprendre		determiner
specifier commencer à apprendre		precedes x’ in english
not commencer à apprendre		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses commencer à apprendre		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners commencer à apprendre		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP commencer à apprendre		a/some/out/this
spec in vp commencer à apprendre		negation
specifier in ap commencer à apprendre		too, how, so
spec in advp commencer à apprendre		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp commencer à apprendre		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause commencer à apprendre		NP
specifoer in clause commencer à apprendre		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause commencer à apprendre		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause commencer à apprendre		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier commencer à apprendre		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause commencer à apprendre		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause commencer à apprendre		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage commencer à apprendre		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late commencer à apprendre		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T commencer à apprendre		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase commencer à apprendre		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure commencer à apprendre		x, x’, x’’
never commencer à apprendre		spec of vp
spec of ap commencer à apprendre		HOW nice
a juvenile commencer à apprendre		nieletni
a private commencer à apprendre		szeregowy
a natural commencer à apprendre		naturszczyk
a daily commencer à apprendre		dziennik
herd commencer à apprendre		tłum, stado
your time is up commencer à apprendre		A
the balloons rose up to the sky commencer à apprendre		adv
the dog tore up the slipper commencer à apprendre		prt
they live just up the street from us commencer à apprendre		adv
would you write your adress down for me commencer à apprendre		prt
he ran down the stairs commencer à apprendre		P
he looked down because he was embarassed commencer à apprendre		adv
dummy auxiliary commencer à apprendre		do
primary auxiliaries commencer à apprendre		have, be
vis commencer à apprendre		potęga, siła
monotheism root commencer à apprendre		THE
syntactic pattern commencer à apprendre		V+ N+ er>N
hover commencer à apprendre		unosic sie
pług commencer à apprendre		plow
drip commencer à apprendre		kapać
clean-cut commencer à apprendre		wyrazisty
badmouth commencer à apprendre		obgadywac
cranapple commencer à apprendre		semantically opaque
neologizm commencer à apprendre		literary coinage
canary od canary islands commencer à apprendre		commonization
split adjective commencer à apprendre		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests commencer à apprendre		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns commencer à apprendre		determiners
idles commencer à apprendre		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled commencer à apprendre		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation commencer à apprendre		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete commencer à apprendre		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation commencer à apprendre		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation commencer à apprendre		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion commencer à apprendre		einstain -> an einstein
constituent commencer à apprendre		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics commencer à apprendre		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax commencer à apprendre		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband commencer à apprendre		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously commencer à apprendre		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP commencer à apprendre		completely dry
different types of words commencer à apprendre		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec commencer à apprendre		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy commencer à apprendre		gerund
yourself commencer à apprendre		pronoun
another commencer à apprendre		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend commencer à apprendre		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila commencer à apprendre		vis
invisibly root commencer à apprendre		vis
what commencer à apprendre		PRONOUN
so commencer à apprendre		CONJUNCTION
declarative commencer à apprendre		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative commencer à apprendre		question
imperative commencer à apprendre		directive
exclamative commencer à apprendre		exclamation
aspect commencer à apprendre		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction commencer à apprendre		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis commencer à apprendre		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form commencer à apprendre		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other commencer à apprendre		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction commencer à apprendre		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this commencer à apprendre		clausal prp-form
it commencer à apprendre		clausal proform
topicalization commencer à apprendre		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation commencer à apprendre		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive commencer à apprendre		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion commencer à apprendre		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization commencer à apprendre		10 years we lived there
focalization commencer à apprendre		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft commencer à apprendre		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft commencer à apprendre		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right commencer à apprendre		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation commencer à apprendre		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation commencer à apprendre		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation commencer à apprendre		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift commencer à apprendre		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np commencer à apprendre		long/complex np
extraposition feom np commencer à apprendre		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np commencer à apprendre		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np commencer à apprendre		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition commencer à apprendre		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition commencer à apprendre		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions commencer à apprendre		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions commencer à apprendre		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition commencer à apprendre		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause commencer à apprendre		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion commencer à apprendre		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion commencer à apprendre		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion commencer à apprendre		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction commencer à apprendre		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion commencer à apprendre		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion commencer à apprendre		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction commencer à apprendre		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate commencer à apprendre		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion commencer à apprendre		definite nps impossible
reduction commencer à apprendre		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction commencer à apprendre		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction commencer à apprendre		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction commencer à apprendre		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction commencer à apprendre		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence commencer à apprendre		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence commencer à apprendre		new info, comment
topic commencer à apprendre		what an uterrance is about
comment commencer à apprendre		what is said about the topic
contrast commencer à apprendre		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by commencer à apprendre		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting commencer à apprendre		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation commencer à apprendre		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation commencer à apprendre		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation commencer à apprendre		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence commencer à apprendre		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft commencer à apprendre		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive commencer à apprendre		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np commencer à apprendre		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order commencer à apprendre		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context commencer à apprendre		contrast, givenness/newness
given information commencer à apprendre		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information commencer à apprendre		focal information
new information commencer à apprendre		focus/focal information
new information commencer à apprendre		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure commencer à apprendre		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice commencer à apprendre		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice commencer à apprendre		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik commencer à apprendre		counterpart
zrozumienie commencer à apprendre		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft commencer à apprendre		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop commencer à apprendre		drink
Dative construction commencer à apprendre		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation commencer à apprendre		bring
benefactive alternation commencer à apprendre		buy
middle alternation commencer à apprendre		cut
causative/inochative commencer à apprendre		melt
locative alternation commencer à apprendre		locative
locative alternation commencer à apprendre		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic commencer à apprendre		incompatible
elapse commencer à apprendre		upływać (time)
i think...... is... commencer à apprendre		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now commencer à apprendre		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table commencer à apprendre		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying commencer à apprendre		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... commencer à apprendre		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements commencer à apprendre		beavers build dams
timeless statements commencer à apprendre		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) commencer à apprendre		haste makes waste
plot summary commencer à apprendre		Hamlet dies...
future statement commencer à apprendre		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary commencer à apprendre		he shoots. he scores
reporting info commencer à apprendre		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs commencer à apprendre		tap, kick, flash
copula v commencer à apprendre		remain
ditransitive commencer à apprendre		ask
prepositional verb commencer à apprendre		look after
shifts in meaning -passive commencer à apprendre		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning commencer à apprendre		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive commencer à apprendre		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old commencer à apprendre		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin commencer à apprendre		lexical entry
direct object commencer à apprendre		np/clause
license purpose clauses commencer à apprendre		only agent
complementizers - finite commencer à apprendre		that, wherher
complementizers non finite commencer à apprendre		for

descriptive grammar

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