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(n.) Ability to catch fire easily Dry leaves have high combustibility
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(adj.) Huge or powerful The titanic waves surprised the surfers
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(n.) Being quiet or careful in what you say or do Not wanting her patient to get overly anxious, the doctor used discretion in deciding how much to tell the patient about his condition
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(n.) A growth or increase The workmen made the wall longer, increment by increment
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(adj.) Thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass It has protuberant eyes and a long narrow body
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(adj.) Having a lack of concern, indifference Although deep down she was very angry, Marsha acted in a nonchalant manner when she found out that her best friend had used her clothing without asking
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(v.) To ignore or pay no attention to He disregarded the warning sings
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(n.) A very talented young person The child prodigy played piano beautiful
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(v.) To celebrate with a formal ceremony They solemnised their marriage with a grand ceremony
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(v.) Related to animals like lobsters and crabs We saw a crustacean walking on the beach
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(n.) A muscle that strenghtens a body part Lifting weights strenghtens a body part
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(v.) To clean by killing germs He used soap to disinfect his hands
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(n.) A pair of similar items The poem has a beautiful distich
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(v.) To open something with force He jimmied the door open quickly
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(v.) Exist or be found to be present in a place or under a particular set of conditions The accident occured at about 3.30 p.m.
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(adj.) A person who has recently died The deceased shot her mother before killing herself
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(adj.) Very bad They are forced to live in deplorable conditions
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(adj.) More than enough Balochistan is the largest province in Pakistan and the most abundant in natural resources, yet it remains the least developed
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(n.) A very powerful attack It is unlikely that his forces could withstand an enemy onslaught for very long
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(n.) Exclusion from a group Tom risked ostracism if his roommates discovered his flatulence
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(n.) A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy The tenets of a democratic society
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(adj.) Feeling sure about oneself or something He was confident he'd win the race
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(v.) To go inside or through something The sun's rays penetrate something
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(adj.) Clever at understanding and using situations She made a shrewd investment early on
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(adj.) Eats plants, not meat Cows are herbivorous animals
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(adj.) Being idealistic in an impractical way His quixotic quest for the city's best burger continued
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(adj.) In agreement or harmony with The findings are consonant or harmony with
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(n.) A friendly handshake The sealed the deal with a handclasp
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(adj.) Causing or wanting to cause harm or evil The central character is malevolent witch out for revenge
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(adj.) Using or expressed in more words than are needed The introduction is rather hard going, being extremely verbose
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(v.) To say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong However, the results from cross-national analysis are useful for validating or refuting some of the controversial theoretical issues discussed in the literature
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(adj.) Continuing for a long period of time The respondents shared deep concerns about the long-lasting polluting effects caused by deforestation, industry, vehicles and the use of chemical inputs in agriculture
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(v.) To make something last longer time We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week
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(v.) To try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss
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(adv.) In a way that inspires strong feelings She spoke stirringly about her journey
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(adj.) Not important or serious I forgot his birthday over a trivial argument
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(adj.) In the process of coming into being or becoming prominent Blockchains are still an emergent technology
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(n.) Depravity, moral corruption Nearly all states have laws that permit the dismissal of a teacher for immorality, immoral character or turpitude
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(n.) Someone who keeps others safe The dog was a loyal protector of the family
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(adj.) Unable to be felt by touch The ghost's was impalpable
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(n.) An empty space within a solid object A tentative estimate for the energy of the plasma filling the cavity can be obtained as follows
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(n.) An empty space within a solid object A tentative estimate for the energy of the plasma filling the cavity can be obtained as follows
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(n.) A very large amount of something, especially a large amount than you need, want, or can deal with The plethora of regulations is both contradictory and confusing
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(v.) To reduce someone's dignity or status She refused to demean her secretary by making him order her lunch
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(adj.) Causing you to feel sadness and sympathy The kitten gave a piteous cry
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(n.) A person or animal that lives in certain place Penguins are denizens of Antarctica
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(adj.) Unwilling to change or be convinced Despite the pleas and arguments, he remained adamant in his decision to pursue his dream, undeterred by the doubts of others
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(adj.) Impossible to overcome or defeat The hero faced an insuperable villain
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(n.) A comparison using 'like' or 'as' Her smile is like the sun
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(v.) Put someone or something into a situation in which there is a danger or loss, harm, or failure A devaluation of the dollar would jeopardize New York's position as a financial centre
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(v.) Prevent from happening; make impossible The secret nature of his work precluded official recognition
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(n.) Using something or someone as a way of getting help, especially in difficult or dangerous situation Their only recourse is to file for an appeal before an administrative law judge
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(n.) A state of being happy and healthy Community projects aim to improve the weal
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(adj.) Unequaled or unmatched His singing talent is peerless
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(adj.) Unequaled or unmatched His singing talent is peerless
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(n.) A true and undeniable fact His innocence is matter of fact
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(adj.) Covered in soot (a black powder produced when coal, wood, etc. is burned) The world will need to invest heavily to expand energy production, be it clean or sooty
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(adj.) Seeming likely to be true, or able to believed It's a plausible explanation for the demise of that prehistoric species
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(adj.) Having a very severe effect, or being extremely limiting The most stringent laws in the world are useless unless there is the will to enforce them
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(adj.) Wanting to start an argument or fight, or expressing an argument or opinion very forcefully I found him pugnacious and arrogant
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(n.) Honesty and strong moral principles She was admired for her integrity
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(n.) The everyday language spoken by region's people He writes poems in the local vernacular
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(n.) A group of very smart and educated people The clerisy discussed new scientific discoveries
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(n.) A feeling of doubt about doing something He had scruples about lying
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(v.) To get back something by looking for it He retrieved his lost phone under the couch
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(v.) To present evidence or examples Lawyers adduce facts to support their case
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(adj.) Very funny and entertaining The clown's act was hilarious
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(adj.) Trying to appear or sound more important or clever than you are The novels deals with grand themes, but is never heavy or pretentious
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(n.) Stretching out or expending in area or time She got an extension on her project deadline
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(v.) To make something again or make it new They decided to rebuild the old playground
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(v.) To emphasize the importance of something Moreover, the natural-gas crisis following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has underscored the need to accelerate decarbonization to secure the bloc’s energy supply, lower its power costs, and foster social cohesion
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(adj.) Similar to a gas, not solid or liquid The room filled with gaseus fumes
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(adj.) Having intense feeling or passion for something The young poet wrote fervent love letters to her crush
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(v.) To make something lively or energetic again Her speech vivified the entire audience
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(n.) Embarrassing action or public humiliation The celebrity's behavior towards his fans were an opprobrium, and he deserved the harsh criticism he received for them
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(adj.) Relating to or situated on the edge or periphery of something It may also test the EU’s cohesion, as the emergence of green industries in peripheral regions could reconfigure power within the bloc
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(v.) To make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else It will also be necessary to cut bureaucratic red tape (without diluting climate policy), such as by accelerating permitting
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(n.) The process of getting supplies Such a strategy could use public procurement to create a domestic market for innovative clean technologies and products that are made in Europe
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(n.) Generosity in bestowing money or gifts upon others Presumably public money is not dispensed with such largesse to anyone else
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(n.) Creating or adapting something for a special use His invention was a contrivance for cleaning oceans
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(n.) A usual way of behaving or doing something Morning runs became his habitude
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(n.) Being fair and just The judge ensured rightfulness in the trial
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(v.) To give ownership or control to someone else The king decide to cede his throne to his sone
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(adj.) Not afraid of anything The dauntless hero saved the day
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(adj.) Adjacent or next to each other The two states are contiguous
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(adj.) Releases energy during a process Burning wood is an exergonic reaction
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(n.) A quick, small pain He felt a twinge in his knee
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Innovation that transforms expensive or highly sophisticated products or services—previously accessible to a high-end or more-skilled segment of consumers—to those that are more affordable and accessible to a broader population A better financing environment for disruptive innovation is needed as barriers to growth within the European markets are removed
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(v.) To get something, especially by asking for it, buying, working for it, or producing it from something else The results shown below are obtained after eliminating the 1% of extreme cases
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(n.) The effects of an activity that have spread further than was originally intended Ensuring sufficient local capital to fund scale-ups would concentrate the spillover of innovation within Europe
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(adj.) Becuase of something A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom
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(adj.) Whole or complete, with nothing missing He'd spent the entire journey asleep
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(adj.) Important or noticeable The talks between the US and the USSR were very significant for the relationship between the two countries
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(n.) The fact of going somewhere such as a church, school, etc. I can tentatively confirm my attendance
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(adj.) Open to different ideas and opinions She is undogmatic in her beliefs
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(n.) Overseeing or managing something His superintendence ensured the project's success
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(adj.) Related to law and legal rights She studied jural matters at university
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(v.) To recognize or show a difference She can distinguish between good and bad art
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(n.) A state of mental or physical inactivity or insensibility After overeating on Christmas, I fell into a satisfied torpor
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(adj.) So foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing Some stories that initially seemed ludicrous turned out to be true
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(n.) Going or moving downwards The plane began is descent
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(n.) Being polite and wanting to please His complaisance made everyone feel welcome
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(phrasal v.) To make something less likely to happen or succeed The complexity and costliness of the judicial system militate against justice for indivdual
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(n.) A sign that represents something The dove is an emblem of peace
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(adj.) Necessary and important as a part of a whole He's integral part of the team and we can't do without him
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(adj.) Haughty, proud His orgulous demeanor was off-putting at the meeting
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(v.) [with object] talk to someone in bullying way She doesn't hector us about giving up things
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(n.) A guess based on some reasoning He made a guestimate of the costs
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(n.) Special importance or attention given to something She put emphasis on honesty in her speech
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(v.) To make something easier to do or achieve The guide will facilitate your journey
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(adj.) Too many to count Stars in the sky are innumerous
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(v.) To frequently instill an idea or belief firmly in someone's mind Parents often read to their children in order to inculcate a love of literature in their young minds
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(n.) A warning of the end of something The Suez Crisis tolled the death knell for British and French imperialism
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(v.) To prove that what someone said or did was right after people generally thought it was wrong Immediately journalist from across Europe called me to ask if I felt vindicated
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(adj.) Small or not important After years of negligible investment, Europe's supply side shrank
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(v.) To become smaller, or to make something smaller Its forest have shrunk to almost half the size they were ten years ago
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(n.) A person or thing that shows that something is going to happen soon, especially something bad However, while 'enlightenment ' may have been the harbinger of change, to characterize this change as leading to ' secularization ' would be too simplistic
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(n.) False or inaccurate information Young people may have been exposed to misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories
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(v.) To lessen, reduce Since losing his job, he had to curtail his spending
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(adj.) Very strong or powerful The medicine was surprisingly potent
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(v.) Cover (a piece of ground) with flat stones or bricks; lay paving over Dominant intellectual frameworks persist until their limitations in describing reality become undeniable, paving the way for a new paradigm
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(adv.) (of a bad situation) extremely; very Three decades later, “the end of history” and the policies that followed from it, appears woefully misguided
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(adv. / preposition) In every part, or during the whole period of time To be clear, energy transitions – a move away from one form of energy to another – have occurred throughout history, coinciding with economic changes that created demand for the new energy source
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(adj.) Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him, or her Coal consumption remains indispensable in powering China, India, and other developing countries, and reached record highs in 2023
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(adj.) A foreseeable event or situation is one that can be known about or guessed before it happens Such a paradigm would accept that energy consumption will continue to rise for the foreseeable future, with fossil fuels and renewables both playing a larger role
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(adj.) Astounded Whenever I read an Agatha Christie mystery novel, I am always flabbergasted when I learn the identity of the murder
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(n.) Feeling unsure about something He faced incertitude about his job
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(n.) Understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed Doing so becomes easier only with hindsight
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(adj.) Of large content or scope; wideranging A comprehensive collection of photographs
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(n.) The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences Cold War in which superpower conflict was kept on ice by nuclear deterrence, turning hot only in proxy fights
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(adv.) In a forceful, passionate, or intense manner, with great feeling France, the euro zone's second-largest economy, is vehemently opposed, while countries including Poland, Italy, Austria and the Netherlands have all expressed reservations
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(v.) To (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly After the shock of the 9/11 attacks in 2001, attention shifted to terrorist organizations, insurgents, and other nonstate groups
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(adj.) Subject to limits or subjected to limits But it was a highly circumscribed phenomenon, often limited in scale and waged in remote locations against shadowy adversaries
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(v.) Put in effect Hamas carried out its brutal October 7 terrorist attack on Israel, provoking a highly lethal and destructive Israeli assault on Gaza
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(v.) When you made something broader or more open, you widen it The conflict quickly widened into a complex regional affair, involving multiple states and a numer of capable nonstate actors
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(v.) To force someone to do something These developments should compel strategists and planners to rethink how fighting happens today and, crucially, how they should prepare for war going forward
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(n.) A sudden and great increase Conventional conflict would involve a surge in anti-access capabilities
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(n.) The quality of being easy to move and direct Today's submarines have limited maneuverability
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(n.) Great danger, or something that is very dangerous Nuclear threats would persist, but they would prove limited compared with the existential perils of the past
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(adj.) Veiled words or ways of behaving are not direct or expressed clearly He took the comment as a veiled threat
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(n.) A large group of things or people, esp. when shown or positioned in an attractive way We have an array of possibilities
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(preposition) In the middle of or surrendered by In Ukraine, robot dogs patrol the ground and autonomous drones launch missiles from the sky amid trench warfare that looks like WWI
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(adj.) Old and in poor condition The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated
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(v.) To persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something exciting He had lured his victim to a deserted house
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(v.) To make something that is already bad even worse This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities
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(adj.) Lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of The European economy displays from persistent skills shortages in several sectors and occupations, for both low-, and high-skilled workers
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(adj.) Moving or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy or power The uneven adoption of basic management practices is likely responsible for the sluggish adoption of ICT in the EU
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(n.) A wind blowing in the opposite direction to the one you are moving in Demographic headwinds imply a shrinking labour force in Europe
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(n.) A situation in which there is not enough of something Skills shortages are acting as a barrier to innovation and technology adoption and could potentially hinder decarbonization as well
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(adj.) If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage Shortages of high-skilled workers are likely to become more acute over time
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(v.) To limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something Her progress certainly hasn't been hindered by her lack of experience
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(n.) The act of achieving something Educational attainment in the EU - as measured by the OECD's PISA scores - is falling
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(v.) To prevent someone doing something easily Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors
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(v.) To completely change a system so that it works more effectively The EU should overhaul it's approach to skills, making it more strategic, future-oriented and focused on emerging skill shortages
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(n.) The act of paying out money, especially from an amount that has been collected for a particular purpose To improve the efficiency and scalability of skills investments, the disbursement of EU funds should be coupled with stricter accountability and impact evaluation
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(v.) To improve the quality, amount, or strength of something The EU and Members State enhance their use of skills intelligence by making much more intense use of data to understand and act on existing skills gaps
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(n.) Something that makes it difficult for you to go somewhere or to succeed at something High energy costs in Europe are an obstacle to growth, while lack of generation and grid capacity could impede the spread of digital and transport electrification
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(v.) To make it difficult or impossible for someone or something to move or make progress A broken-down car is impeding the flow of traffic
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(adj.) A volatile situation is when it suddenly change Energy prices have also become more volatile, increasing the price of hedging and adding uncertainty to investment decisions
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(adj.) Relating to what will happen soon and not what will happen further in future These differences create massive near-term investment needs for EU companies that their competitors do not face
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(v.) To control a group of people, a country, or a situation Decarbonization offers an opportunity for Europe to lower energy prices and take the lead in clean technologies, while also becoming more energy secure
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(v.) To communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
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(adj.) If some or something is endowed with a particular quality or feature, the person or thing naturally has that quality or feature Specific regions are endowed with high potential for cost-competitive renewable energy sources
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(phrasal v.) To need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed According to the IEA, more than one-third of the required CO2 emission reductions globally in 2050 rely on technologies currently at the demonstration or prototype phase
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(n.) The speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes Owing to a fast pace of innovation, low manufacturing costs and state subsidies four times higher than in other major economies, China is now dominating global exports of clean technologies
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(n.) The fact or process of becoming worse The EU is already seeing a sharp deterioration in its trade balance with China
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(v.) To come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something In response to perceived unfair competition, an increasing number of countries are raising tariff and non-tariff barriers against China
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(adj.) Someone who is formidable is strong and slightly frightening Ogres are large, loud creatures that go out of their way to make a formidable impression
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(n.) A statement that something is not true or does not exist His denial of responsibility for the accident was unconvincing
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(v.) To become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this The role of the extended family has been decaying for some time
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(n.) A person or a newspaper that expresses the opinions of others He's a mouthpiece for the chemical industry
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(adj.) Large or noticeable importance The fire caused considerable damage to the church
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(idiom) To start He and his friend tried to start a band but it never got off the ground
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(v.) To force someone or something into a particular state, often an unpleasant one In the course of history, love has driven men and women to strange extremes
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(adj.) Not perfect, or containing mistakes His argument is deeply flawed
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(adv.) According to what someone told you, or according to what is believed by many people to be true I've been down to the south of England where supposedly King Arthur's castle was
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(v.) To feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do not like She bitterly resented her father's new wife
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(v.) To try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object Hundreds of dissidents are seeking asylum in the US embassy
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(n.) The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgement Have you noticed any bias in the reporting of the Middle East situation in the media?
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(n.) The state of being near in space or time The best thing about the location of the house is it's proximity to the town centre
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(adj.) Complete or extreme She had a look of utter devastation on her face
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(n.) The outer or top part or layer of something The marble has a smooth, shiny surface
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(n.) The action of describing or explaining something in such a simple way that it is no longer correct or true Oversimplification of complex problems is dangerous
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(n.) A large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together Poor Janine - she just follows the herd
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(v.) To represent a quality or an idea exactly She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field
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(v.) To defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class
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(v.) To make someone want to do something We need to incentivize our sales managers to achieve these targets
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(adj.) Certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented The factory closure is seemingly inevitable
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(v.) To go onto a ship Thus, it is crucial that the legal and technical communities embark on interdisciplinary research to deal with these issues
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(adj.) Used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing expect Such a move would quickly degenerate into sheer protectionism
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(adj.) Stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved The EU's rigid budget model needs to be changed
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(adj.) Causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious In parts of Africa there is a severe food shortage
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(n.) A sudden attack or entry into an area that belongs to other people Deliberate incursions and invasions of the sovereignty of a country are another matter
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(v.) To increase or make something increase In the wake of these provocations, analysts fret about heightened risk of military accidents and strategic misperceptions
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(phersal v.) To increase something in controlled stages over a period of time They worry that incidents of this sort could ratchet up tensions until policymakers lose control
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(v.) To step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall Running along beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand
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(n.) A piece of equipment used for climbing up and down, that consists of two vertical bars or pieces of rope joined to each other by a set of horizontal steps She was up a ladder, cleaning the window
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(adj.) Not intentional Although provocative incidents can push crises up the escalation ladder, truly inadvertent wars are rare
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(n.) Calm and controlled behaviour He showed admirable restraint, and refused to be provoked
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być bliskim zrobienia czegoś commencer à apprendre
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to the brink of something (idiom) If you go to the brink of something, you become very close to doing or having it Extreme stress had driven him to the brink of a nervous breakdown
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(n.) The level or point at which you start to experience something, or at which something starts to happen States must learn how to pressure their adversaries just enough to shape their behavior without crossing thresholds that could trigger a significant response
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(n.) The act of hurting someone or doing something harmful to someone because they have done or something harmful to you The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists
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(adj.) Using force to persuade people to do things that they are unwilling to do The world encouragement is correctly because 1960s planning was indicative not coercive
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(n.) The effect that two or more things have on each other Understanding how to navigate the interplay of pressure and restrain empowers leaders to step back from the edge of war
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(n.) A legal agreement in which you pay money on order to use a building, piece of land, vehicle, etc. for a period He has the house on long lease
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(adj.) Unhappy because of being away grom home for a long period As I read my mother's letter, I began to feel more and more homesick
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(n.) A device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that od used in the house, such a cooker or washing machine We recommend that an engineer services your gas appliance annually
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(v.) To complain about someone or something in annoyed way When the teacher assigned extra homework, she heard a few grumbles from the kids
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(n.) The fact of being very bad or dishonest For had not yet been able to conquer the rottenness within him
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(adj.) Not proud or not believing that you are important Be it every so humble, there's no place like home
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(v.) To put furniture in something They've furnished the room very simply
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(v.) To stop something No matter under what circumstances you leave it, home does not cease to be home
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(n.) The amount of time something lasts Peace and rest at length have come
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(n.) Hard work, especially work that makes you feel physically tired Lindi has achieved her comfortable life only after years of hard toil
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(v.) To say that something as certainly true He asserts that she stole money from him
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(n.) The way something happens or something is done They dealt with the problem in a very efficient manner
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(adj.) Showing the unpleasant or difficult features of something as they really are This is a gritty drama about corruption and greed
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(n.) A separate part or division eg railawy carriage We couldn't find an empty compartment in the train
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(v.) If you soak something, or let it soak, you put it in a liquid for a period of time He left the pan in the sink to soak
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(adj. / adv.) Most important He's one of the country's foremost experts on military law
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(adj. / adv.) Most important He's one of the country's foremost experts on military law
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(adj.) Having a strong or unpleasant smell Bit of a smelly job up there I would have thought
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(adj.) Unable to be affected by Her father was like a rock, impervious to time and good opinion
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(adj.) Clearly visible or attracting attention He did look conspicuous with the blood off his face
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(v.) To wash something in clean water in order to remove dirt or soap Rinse the beans with cold water
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(n.) A coloured patch or dirty mark that is difficult to remove There were mud stains on my shoes
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(n.) The whole of something, including everything that is connected with it I'm not ready for the whole shebang
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(n.) A large number of people or things Demand for these materials has soared for a multitude of reasons
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(n.) A mixture of different things or styles A rich blend of the finest coffee beans
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(v.) To look somewhere for a short time
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(n.) A situation in which two things join or come together The change has been brought on by a confluence of factors
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osiągać coś z trudem, wypracować coś commencer à apprendre
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(phrasal verb) To reach an agreement or solution after a lot of argument or discussion Three years after the accident the lawyers finally managed to hammer out a settlement with the insurance company
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(adv.) Towards the direction that is opposite to the one in which you are facing or opposite to the usual direction He took step backwards to allow her to pass
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(adj.) Relating to someone who starts their own business or is good at seeing new opportunities to make money With more people self-employed, has our society become more entrepreneurial
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(v.) To prevent something for happening, being expressed, or continuing It is the responsibility of schools to encourage learning, not to stifle it
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(n.) A substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds
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(v.) To think that something is likely to be true, although you have no proof Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out
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(idiom) To find a way to make someone leave because you do not want the person to be with you any longer We finally got rid of my little sister by telling her scary stories
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(n.) The action or advantage of using a lever However, today this second category of players has much less economic, political and military leverage
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(n.) For the purpose of or in the interest of The couple moved to the cost for the sake of her health
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(phrasal verb) To move quickly and suddenly from a closed or flat position to a vertical one The words 'Hard disk failure - program aborted' popped up on the screen
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(n.) That act of trying to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility, especially by criticizing in a damaging or annoying way High-ranking officials said there was no political meddling in the case
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(n.) The act of arranging dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed Opposition parties have protested over alleged vote rigging in the election
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(adj.) Strong and healthy
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(n.) Something that is used only to get people's attention, especially to make them buy something It is not so much a programme to improve services as a gimmick to gain votes
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(n.) Unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering His anguish at the outcome of the court case was very clear
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(n. / v.) A failure to work or operate correctly Shortly before the crash the pilot had reported a malfunction of the aircraft's navigation system
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(v.) To hit something violently, especially of moving objects It was predicted that a comet would collide with one of the planets
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(v.) To experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon
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(n.) A difficult economics situation caused by a government reducing the amount of money it spends People protested in the streets against austerity
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(n.) The process of making people obey a law or rule, or making a particular situation happen or be accepted Voters support the enforcement of immigration laws
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(v. / n.) To argue over something that is not important They are still squabbling over who will get the big office
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(n.) Old cars and machines that are not now needed but have parts which can be used to make other things The car was so badly damaged we could only sell it as scrap
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(adj.) Not able to be achieved Many economists think that full employment is as unattainable goal
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(n. / v.) A serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be friend, or something that you give as a sign that will keep a promise I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you
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(v.) To get control or influence I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end
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zrozumieć coś/przyswajać coś commencer à apprendre
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(phrasal verb) To understand completely the meaning or importance of something It was an interesting exhibition, but there was too much to take it all in
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(v.) If prices, levels, or rates converge or are converged, they become or are made more similar to each other Increasing flexibility in transportation will have the effect of converging gas prices around the world
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(adv.) Gradually Prices have risen steadily
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(v.) To control or limit something that is not wanted You really need to curb your spending
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(v.) To officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received again after a period when it was not used She plans to reimpose regulations on energy corporations
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(v.) To examine something very carefully to discover information He scrutinized the men's faces closely, trying to work out who was laying
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(n.) A situation in which two people or groups of people become friendly again after they have argued It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides
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(n.) Special permission not to do or pay something After all, different consideration may apply to the questions about exemption clauses and remedies
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(adj.) Relating directly to the subject being considered For present purpose, that final distinction is not pertinent
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niewłaściwe korzystanie, nadużycie commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To use something in an unsuitable way or in a way that was not intended She was accused of misusing company funds
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(v.) To spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc. to a lot of people One of the organization's aims is to disseminate information about the diease
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(adj.) Too much Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems
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(phrasal verb) To search in order to find a thing or information She said she was tired of journalists delving into her private life
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(adj.) [with something] Having the same principles as something else, or agreeing with other facts The findings of the present 5-year longitudinal study are consistent with this theoretical claim
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(n.) A way of considering or doing something I've just read an interesting book which has a new approach to Shakespeare
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(adj.) Happing or existing before something or someone else He has two daughters from a previous marriege
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(n.) The main shape or edge of something, without any details She draw the outline of the boat and then coloured it in
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(n.) Someone who has committed a crime or a violent or harmful act The perpetrators of the massacre must be brought to justice as war criminals
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(adv.) Only, and not involving anyone or anything else I bought it solely for that purpose
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(adj.) Not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided The patient had complained of vague pains and backache
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(adj.) Easy to understand or simple The owner's conclusion was straightforward, yet not unproblematic
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(adj.) Having the same meaning If it were impossible to remove one of these two synonymous lexical items without loss of coverage, then the algorithm would keep both
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(v.) To keep or continue to have something She has lost her battle to retain control of the company
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(v.) To make something or someone be in a particular state or condition The trees rendered the road as dark as a tunnel
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(adj.) If something is violable, it is possible for people to act against it, remove it, or not respect it These well-meaning initiatives encourage the idea that our rights are violable, turning us into society of suspicious individuals
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(v.) To excuse someone or something from duty, payment, etc. Small business have been exempted from the tax increase
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(v.) To stick firmly A smooth, dry surface helps tiles adhere to the wall
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(adj.) Very bad and shocking It might be just so heinous a crime, it might be justice, but would it be merciful?
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(phrasal verb) To try communicate with a person or a group of people, usually in order to help or involve them The new mayor is reaching out to inner city communities to involve them in his plans for the city
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(n.) The state of being famous for something bad He gained notoriety for being difficult to work with as an actor
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(v.) To organize and perform a particular activity We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service
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(v.) To defend or keep a principle or law, or to say that a decision that had already been made, especially a legal one, is correct Dramatically increasing repression in this way reflected the monarchy's determination to have provincial elites uphold royal authority
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(n.) A set (group of similar numbers, objects or people) that is pary of another, larger set Due to technical difficulties in randomizing which factors receive a boost, simulations were run for a subset of possible combinations of productivity improvements
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(adj.) Easy to hurt or attack physically or emotionally She was a vulnerable sixteen-year-old
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(n.) A complete defeat [informal] The Dodgers took a shellacking
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(adj.) Worried or angry She became very agitated when her son failed to return home
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pay lip service to something (n.) To say that you agree with something but do nothing to support it She claims to be in favour of training, but so far she's only paid lip service to the idea
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(v.) [with object] repay (a person who has spent or lost money) The investors should be reimbursed for their losses
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(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior She gave a prime nod of greeting
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(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior She gave a prime nod of greeting
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(adj.) Very formal and proper in behavior She gave a prime nod of greeting
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(adj.) Equivalent in value or significant When it comes to sports, fearing your opponent is tantamount to losing
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(n.) The moment at which something begins, and especially something uncomfortable or unpleasant Various sings may indicate the onset of dementia
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(adj.) Happening after something else The mistakes were corrected in a subsequent edition of the book
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(adv.) Used to emphasize an important example of something Technological progress, notably in the digital field, has profoundly transformed markets, productive processes, and business models
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(adv.) Deeply or extremely Society has changed so profoundly over the last 50 years
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(v.) To make something bad such as pain or problems less severe These can be alleviated by an efficient transition to a decarbonized economy
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(v.) To cause something, especially a problem or difficulty We're not the ones that pose a threat to this market
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(v.) To use something or someone, especially in an effective way They are not substitutes but rather complements because industrial policies are more effective when deployed on competitive markets and because both improve economic outcomes addressing different market failures
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(n.) The situation in which events or conditions combine or happen together An unfortunate conjunction of circumstances led to his downfall
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(v.) To quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly The competitiveness, growth, and fairness of the EU economy in the years to come depend to a significant extent on conjuncting these two economic policies to grasp the opportunities offered by the digital and green transition
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(adv.) As a result of a particular action or event The name dam will improve the water supply and thereby reduce hunger and disease
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(adj.) Established firmly so that it cannot be changed An entrenched bureaucracy stalled Gorbachev's efforts to modernize Soviet society
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(n.) A change to the intended or true meaning of something Nobody has challenged his distortions on education and the economy
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(v.) To make something stronger Such procompetitive policies are complementary to competition policy, reinforcing one another
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(n.) A reduction in something The depletion of the ozone layer was first observed over the Antarctic
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(adj.) Entrenched ideas are so fixed or have existed for so long that they cannot be changed And what this turns into the further entrenched people get into this way of thinking is that capitalism isn't just one way of organizing things but is the way that humans organize things naturally
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(adj.) Inhabited by ghosts The world we live in is haunted by ideas from the past that don't just magically disappear, in fact they persist, they are reused by us
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(n.) The act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged Well for people on the right it's expected there'd be an element of nostalgia to their political views, again for them it's about the preservation of what's good
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(phrasal verb) To add something that you had not planned to add, often without much preparation or thought He promised that he would tack labour and environmental clauses onto future trade deals
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(v.) To reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money, etc. If we continue to deplete the earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment
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(v.) To do something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving In this case, the energy dependence of the cross-section of nuclear excitation is considerable and the experimental curve deviates from a straight line
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(n.) A job or piece of work that is often boring or unpleasant but needs to be done regularly I find writing reports a real chore
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(n.) The process or fact of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful Depreciation refers to the loss of value of an asset due to age, wear and tear, and obsolescence
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(adj.) Not clear and definite The law in this area is blurry
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(adj.) Able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achives results The social model Has however proved itself capable of revision and adaptation
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(v.) To relate to or connect to Can you tie his behaviour up with anything that's happened recently
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(v.) To accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your character He had not expected the people so readily to internalize the values of democracy
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(n.) A typical characteristic or feature of a person or thing By and large, however, censorship and repression were the hallmarks of government press policy before 1848
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(idiom) When everything about situation is considered together There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable
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(v.) To make someone remember something or feel an emotion That smell always evokes memories of my old school
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(n.) Fog caused by water, smoke, or dust, or an effect of heat that prevents things being seen clearly A brownish haze hung over the field
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(v.) To raise something or lift something up There is also philosophical and moral respect for our ancestors, which elevates the character and improves the heart
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(v.) To (cause to) lose colour, brightness, or strength gradually If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade
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(n.) The fact of something being the complete opposite of something else or very different from something else, so that one of them must be wrong The contradictions have become so acute that words are no longer to be trusted
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(adj.) Used to say that something bad is very obvious
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(n.) A request to the public for money, information, or help Dalai Lama issued an appeal for peace
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(n.) The most successful or admired part of system or achievement Unbeknownst to her, in her early twenties, she was at the pinnacle of her career
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(adv.) Without a particular person knowing Unbeknownst to me, he had rented out the apartment while I was away
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(v.) To be strong enough, or not be changed by something, or to oppose a person or thing successfully It has withstood the pandemic and the energy shock
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(adj.) Real and not imaginary; able to be shown, touched, or experienced It has made tangible progress on its twin digital and green transition and introduced new policies and new founding instruments to sustain recovery and increase economic growth
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(n. / preposition) The middle of a group of people or things Europe is in the midst of a global transformation and is confronted with both the legacy effects of these crises and the impact of long-term structural trends
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(adj. / adv. / v.) At a grater distance / To a grater distance or degree, or at a more advanced level / To develop or make progress in something The productivity gap with the US has widened and personal income levels have grown further apart
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(adv.) Separated by a distance or by time How far apart should the speakers be?
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(phrasal verb) [someone] To reach someone in front of you by going faster than them The convergence between the EU and the US on innovation has slowed down, while China has caught up, and is winning the race for leadership in certain green technologies
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(v.) To make something certain to happen It is vital for the EU to ensure its sustainable prosperity and competitiveness, while preserving its unique social market economy, succeeding in the twin transition, and safeguard its sovereignty, economic security and global influence
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(v. / n.) To move or climb quickly but with difficulty; To compete with other people for something there is very little of In a global system where geopolitical tension, competition for technological supremacy, and the scramble for control over resources are on the rise, Europe's freedom, security and autonomy depend more than ever on its ability to innovate, compete and grow
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(adj.) Intelligent or quick to notice things Our new director is very sharp
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(n.) A device, often consisting of connecting sets of wheels with teeth around the edge, that controls how much power from am engine goes to the moving parts of machine Without an urgent shift in gear and approach, the EU's future as an economic powerhouse, an investment destination and a manufacturing centre is at stake
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(n.) The amount of money that you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition She spent two weeks in Las Vegas playing high-stakes blackjack at the casinos
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(v.) To produce or encourage something such as an emotion or support Opponents are unlikely to be able to muster enough votes to override the veto
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(phrasal verb) To start a journey This Communication sets out a compass that will guide the work in the coming five years and lists priority actions to reignite economic dynamism in Europe
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(v.) To start burning again, or to make something start burning again There were fears the fire could reignite
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(n.) A condition or situation that causes problems, especially one that causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or people One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for children play
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(v.) To prevent further disagreement or fighting by letting the opposing side have something that they want He was a crucial ally who the country needed to appease
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(adj.) Changing suddenly and often She was entertaining but unpredictable, with mercurial mood swings
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(adv.) That is the reason or explanation for His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca
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(phrasal verb) To accept a disadvantage or bad feature in order to have something good It may be possible to trade off manpower cost against computer costs
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(v.) To encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings Strategic partnerships with start-ups could foster the development of new products and systems
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(n.) A result or effect of an action, situation, etc. Engaging systematically in global standard setting processes is very important to influence outcomes aligned with EU interests
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(v.) To include different types of things The festival is to encompass everything from music, theater, and ballet to literature, cinema, and the visual arts
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(n.) An imaginary line that separates two ideas, qualities, states, etc., or the point at which one idea, quality, etc. becomes another Productivity must therefore be revived by moving towards the innovation frontier and investing in skills, not by restraining wages
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(n.) The fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous
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poza / po drugiej stronie commencer à apprendre
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(adv.) On the other side of something You should try to develop interests beyond the family
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(adj.) Likely to show a particular characteristic, usually a negative one, or to be affected by something bad, such as damage or an illness I've always been prone to headaches
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(adj.) Enough for a particular purpose Yet, the EU's financial sector does not channel them efficiently to productive investment or allocate sufficient capital to innovation in the EU economy
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(v.) To give emphasis or special importance to something I'd just like to stress the importance of neatness and politeness in this job
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(n.) A successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty The best remedy for grief is hard work
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(n.) Something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits / Something that controls what you do by keeping you with particular limits The constraint of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking
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(adv.) Mostly or mainly She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings
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(n.) The position or situation of being very important or noticeable His team is at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines
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(adv.) In a way that becomes quicker and quicker as something that increase becomes larger Malthus wrote about the risks involved in the world's population increasing exponentially
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(n.) A tube that carries blood to the heart from the other parts of body I could feel the blood pulsing through my veins
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(adj.) Careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it is correct or safe The style of writing is rigorous and clear, and the material is well organized
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(v.) To make someone able to do something, or to make something possible Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half
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(n.) One of the parts in a mixture Combine all the ingredients for the stew
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(v.) To move something from a lower to a higher position She lifted her head listening attentively
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(adj.) Very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods The control panel uses all the newest technology and is considered state-of-the-art
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(phrasal verb) To increase the speed, power, or cost of something Announcement of the merger is expected to ramp up share prices over next few days
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(n.) The process of avoiding something, especially cleverly or illegally As an industry, we do not tolerate the circumvention of rules
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(adj.) Not level, equal, flat, or continuous There is an uneven distribution of wealth across the country from the north to the south
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(v.) To grow, develop, or be successful His business thrived in the years before the war
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(n.) The process of getting rid of large amounts of rubbish by burying it, or a place where rubbish is buried One is the depletion of empty space in the landfill
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(phrasal verb) To make a new product, service, or system available for the first time The government plans to roll out a series of tax cuts over the next few years
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(v.) If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat Peanuts can choke a small child
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(phrasal verb) To destroy something completely Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting
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(adj.) Extremely big The people who have taken out advice have saved themselves vast amounts on money
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(n.) Behaviour in which two people or groups of people give each other help and advantages We offer to all our trading partners a commitment to reciprocity and fairness
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(n.) The use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do He claimed the police had used coercion, threats, and promises to obtain the statement illegally
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(n.) The practice of storing a large supply of something for future use Why is there this stockpiling of arms and ammunition?
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(v.) To make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her
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(n.) The state of being prepared for a particular situation The army is in a state of preparedness for war
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(n.) A serious accident or bad event causing damage or suffering A series of calamities ruined them - floods, a failed harvest, and the death of a son
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wykorzystać / przynosić korzyść commencer à apprendre
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(n. / v.) Use, purposes, advantage, or profit / To help or be useful to someone or something Our efforts availed us nothing
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(n.) (especially of a company) the condition of not having enough money to pay debts, buy goods, etc., or an occasion when this happens The country will face insolvency unless the government adopts cost-cutting measures
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(n.) Valuable property owned by someone who wants to borrow money, that they agree will become the property of the company or person who lends the money if the debt is not paid back He put his farm up as collateral
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(adj.) Happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate
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(v.) To give support, strength, or a basic structure to something Gradually the laws that underpinned apartheid were abolished
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cater for someone/something (phrasal verb) To provide what is wanted or needed by someone or something Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children
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cater for someone/something (phrasal verb) To provide what is wanted or needed by someone or something Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children
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(v.) To grow or develop successfully He wants the project to flourish in the long run
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(adj.) Able to last and be used for a long time without becoming damaged The trays are made from cedar, which is light and durable
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(v. / n.) To try to do something; An effort or attempt to do something Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of the problem
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(adj.) Something that is counterintuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to His careful and counterintuitive analysis of the market brought him great success
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(n.) The fact that two people or things look like each other or are similar in some other way Unfortunately, this argument bears little resemblance to my argument
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zwracający uwagę (uderzający) commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Very unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracting a lot of attention The library is a striking example of modern architecture
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(adj.) Very shocking and suprising It cost a staggering $50,000 per week to keep the museum open to the public
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(v.) To finally get or win something I hear he finally clinched the deal to buy the land he wanted
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(adj.) Moving towards a higher position, level or value With an upward trend in inflation, you expect prices to rise
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(n.) A small area of ink made by mistake I signed my name and blotted the paper
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(n.) The feeling that something exciting or pleasant is going to happen The voyage opened on a note of excitement and expectancy
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(adj) Separated; A detached person is not show any emotional involvement or interest in situation She seemed a bit detached, as if her mind were on other things
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(v.) To keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way; To cause something to happen, usually something bad Some teachers believe that early failures can latter breed success
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(n.) A feeling of being disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected He left the company, expressing his bitter disillusionment
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(n.) A feeling of no longer believing in the value of something, especially having learned of the problems with it Young people felt locked out of politics, which led to apathy and disenchantment
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To have existed or happened before another thing These cave paintings predate any other which are known
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szelma; zachowujący się wbrew zasadom commencer à apprendre
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(n. / adj.) A dishonest or bad man; Behaving in ways that are not expected or not normal, often in a way that causes damage Religion has the capacity to produce saints, but it also has the capacity to produce rogues
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force There was a political and social dynamic that propelled people in their bid for more freedom
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zadeklarowany; zaprzysięgły commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Stated admitted The government's avowed intent is to reduce tax
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(n.) The formal announcement that someone no konger owns, supports, believes in, or Has a connection with something As for the arteriosclerotic, a stilo more restrictive daily regiment od advised, with renunciation of academies, social gathering and cafe life
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przypominać, być podobnym commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To look like or be like someone or something You resemble your mother very closely
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(adj.) At the back of something The horse had injured one of its rear legs
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(v.) To die, especially in an accident or by being killed, or to be destroyed He believes that Europe must create closer ties or it will be perish
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(n.) Comfort when you are feeling sad Music was a great solace to me
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(n.) A warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement He agreed to the interview, with the caveat that he could approve the final article
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(pronoun / determiner) Used especially in questions when asking about which person owns or is responsible for something
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(n.) A particular part of situation, especially something that affects how you think or feel Music has added a new dimensions to my life
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(adj.) Planned or meant Was the offence intended?
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(v.) To change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change Giving up our car has radically altered our lifestyle
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(v.) To be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country
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(v.) To be or go before something or someone in time or space Kofi Annan preceded Ban Ki-moon as the Secretary-General of the UN
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(adj.) The fact that something difficult, unpleasant, or painful is possible to deal with The workload was barely endurable, but the experience was priceless
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(adj.) Full of activity, or very busy and fast The area has become a haven for people tired of the hectic pace of city life
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(adj.) Full of activity, or very busy and fast The area has become a haven for people tired of the hectic pace of city life
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(v.) To twist together or combine two or more things so that they cannot be separated easily She has created am intriguing story by skilfully interweaving fictional and historical events
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(adj.) Continuing for ever in the same way He has hard, cold eyes and his mouth is set in a perpetual sneer
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(n.) A way of behaving or a belief that has been established for a long time In my country, it's the custom for women to married in white
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(v.) To persuade someone gently to do something or go somewhere, by being kind and patient, or by appearing to be Perhaps you could coax your father into taking you to the station
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(adv.) Very and obviusly He is eminently qualified for the job
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(n.) Holding a particular position in a company, industry, etc. at the present time This article shows that regime type determines the way and extent to which elections enable voters to reward or sanction
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(adj.) Empty, simple, or obvious, especially without decoration or anything that is not necessary The stark reality is that we are operating at a huge loss
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(v.) To spread across or move away over a large area, or to make something do this Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered
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(n.) The amount by which the price of something is increased before it is sold again The usual markup on clothes is about 20 percent
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zwycięzca bierze wszystko commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Resulting in the entire prize is going to the one competitor who wins His winner-take-all business tactics shut out would-be competitors
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(adj.) A contestable statement, claim, legal decision, etc. is one that is possible to argue about or try to have changed because it may be wrong What really happened was, and remains to this day, obscure and contestable
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(v.) To involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere
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(n.) Birds, such as chickens, that are bred for their eggs and meat Some poultry farmers keep turkeys and ducks as well as chickens
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(n.) A type of fruit with a thick and many seeds The mission was famed for its red wine, and also grew pomegranates, figs and olives
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(v. / n.) To enjoy food or an experience slowly, in order to enjoy it as much as possible Love the fact that you are alive and savor everything that life has to offer
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(adj.) Extremely hungry Have some dinner with us - you must be famished
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(n.) A situation in which people eat and drink more than they need to They treat Christmas as just another excuse for gluttony
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(n.) A situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens Thousands of people emigrated during the Irish potato famine of 1845-46
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(adj.) Suitable or safe for eating Here are some great ideas for edible gifts
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(adj.) Happy or showing enjoyment She's a merry little soul
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(adj.) (of person, feelings, or behaviour) not pretending or lying; honest
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(n.) A series of things of the same type connected in a line, or a series of people standing in a line The synthetic polymer is a plastic composed of long chains of molecules
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(v.) To completely satisfy yourself or a need, especially with food or pleasure, so that you could not have any more He drank greedily until his thirst was satiated
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(n.) Bread or cake that is shaped and baked in a single piece and can be sliced for eating I made an apple cake and it was so nice I ate the whole loaf myself
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(v.) To change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use Your stomach contains acid to help you digest your food
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(n.) A small, brown animal with long back legs for swimming and jumping Urging a return to natural methods of healing, he attributed extraordinary virtues to toads, scorpions, and lizards
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(phrasal verb) To make a decision to stop doing, using, or being involved with something harmful, such as drugs or alcohol, or something that is not good or helpful She swears off candies to lose weight
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(v.) To move yourself or an object with effort and difficulty Do I really have to schlep all that junk down to the cellar?
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(v.) To remove the skin of fruit and vegetables Could you peel the carrots?
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(adj.) (especially of meat) having been cut up into very small pieces Give me please minced beef
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(v.) To cook something liquid, or something with liquid in it, at the temperature slightly below boiling Leave the vegetables to simmer for a few minutes
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(v.) To say exactly how something must be or must be done She agreed to buy the car, but stipulated racing tyres and a turbo-powered engine
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(n.) A charge in addition to the usual amount paid for something, or the amount already paid A surcharge may be made for deliveries outside normal hours
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(n.) The time at which a change or an effect cannot be stopped The earth has already passed the tipping point in terms of global warming
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(n.) The chance that something will happen This latest dispute greatly the likelihood of a strike
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(v.) To make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want If frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice
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(v.) To make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want If frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice
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(adj.) Having no colour Water and glass are colourless
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(v.) To cause or allow something to continue for a period of time They fuelled economic growth and sustained our social model
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(adj.) Showing strong feeling or energetic activity Our industries, particularly those facing high energy prices and fierce global competition, are facing existential challenges
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(v.) To fight, especially in order to win something Europe is grappling with rising geopolitical tensions, slow economic growth and technological competition
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(adj.) Most important, because of including or affecting all other areas The Clean Industrial Deal brings together climate action and competitiveness under one overarching growth strategy
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(v.) To take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop This will be achieved by nurturing competitive manufactures who drive decarbonization through innovation
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(adj.) Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him or her It is indispensable to act for both to reach out climate neutrality targets, absorb emissions and maintain water resilience
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(n.) The act of making something, especially a product or service, available for the first time Since its rollout in fall of 1999, the online service has gained milions of members
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(v.) To judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something Firmly recognizing the Member States' rights to decide on the energy mix, the Commission will assess the Member State aid for nuclear supply chains and technologies in line withs the Treaty and with respect to technological neutrality
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(adj.) Providing the right conditions for something good to happen or exist Member States should urgently conclude the negotiations on the Energy Taxation Directive to make the tax framework more conducive to electrification and not intensive industry investing in decarbonization
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(adj.) Continuing for a long time Lenghty permit-granting are also a major concern for energy-intensive industries that want to electrify
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(adj.) More important than anything else The government's overriding concern is to reduce inflation
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(adj.) Understood without being expressed directly The decision to settle out of court was seen as a tacit admission of guilty
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(n.) Systems or actions to control an activity and make sure that it is done correctly and legally Lawmakers are questioning whether the industry needs more government oversight
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(n.) A failure to included something in an agreement or law, which allows someone to do something illegal or to avoid doing something They plan to close a loophole that allows businesses to avoid paying off redundant workers
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(adj.) Without noticeable change from one part to the next The department hopes this will be a seamless transition from one computer system to another
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(v.) To change something so that it has a correct relationship to something else More scientific methods of aligning boardroom pay with shareholder returns are needed
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(v.) To get something, especially after an effort Europe should be more strategic about procuring raw and secondary materials to drastically reduce our exposure to unreliable suppliers and prevent supply disruptions
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(adj.) Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he, she or it works or behaves well in the way you expect Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it
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(adj.) Fixed into the surface of something The thorn was embedded in her thumb
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(v.) To take a machine or something complicated apart, usually to make it unable to work We must not only dismantle regulatory barriers but also facilitate the significant scaling up of investments to supply the secondary raw materials that industrial manufacturing needs
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(preposition) About Bearing in mind its hazardous properties, the Commission will adopt specific measures regarding black mass
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(adj.) To a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer
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(v.) To experience something or to be the subject of a process She underwant an operation on a tumour in her leg lung last year
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(n.) The process of losing value Moreover, for 1988-1990, the current net price resource depreciation was almost the same as total public investment in education
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(n.) (an amount that is) more than is needed This proposal will simplify and provide for the re-use of surpluses from the European Fund for Strategic Investment as well as reflows from legacy financial instruments and facilitate equity support
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(v.) To accept, tolerate, or endure something especially something unpleasant The Commission is putting forward an amendment of the InvestEU Regulation to increase InvestEU's risk bearing capacity
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(v. / n.) To lead something such as an attack or course of action; A person or group that leads an organized activity or project Germany, Austria, Lithuania, and Spain have spearhead efforts in this respect by unlocking additional founding for RFNBO hydrogen projects
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(adj.) Positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall, or break That ladder doesn't look very secure to me
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(n.) An official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, that shows that it is legal or has been officially approved The lawyer stamped the certificate with her seal
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składać (np. oświadczenie) commencer à apprendre
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(v.) Lodge a claim, complaint, protest etc. A label for cement will be created under Construction Products Regulation, and a standardisation request will shortly be lodged
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(v.) To get the advantages of a particular situation or to make a large amount of money or a big profit Vigorous participation in the European Union is vital if the country wants to reap the benefits of globalization
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(n.) The buying of goods and services by government organizations There are strict rules on public procurement
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(n.) The use of something or someone in an effective way You have our full support for the rapid deployment of these systems
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(v.) To prevent something bad from happening The last-minute agreement averted renewed fighting
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(v.) To imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good It's hard to envisage how it might happen
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(v. / n.) To make a problem or difficult situation worse; Mix two things together Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials
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(n.) A thin sheet of a substance on top of a surface, or a level of material that is different from the material on either side The road was built up with layers of crushed stone and asphalt
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(n. / v.) A signal for someone to do something / To give someone a signal to do something You open the door when I give you the cue
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(n.) A strong feeling of wanting something I have a craving of wanting something
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(n.) The quality of not being clearly expressed, known, described, or decided The main disadvantage of this definition is its vagueness
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(v.) To hold the attention of someone by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant, or attractive With her beauty and charm, she captivated film audiences everywhere
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(phrasal verb) To agree the details of a decision, an agreement, etc. so that something can happen The government hopes to nail down a deal with China by year's end
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(n.) A way of talking or behaving that is too proud He was punished for his hubris
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(adj.) Happening many times, or happening again Francis suffered all his life from a recurring nightmare that he was trapped in a falling house
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(n.) A person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who deals with the cleaning, repairs, etc. Yet the masters and janitor exercised considerable powers over the boys
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(n. / v.) A border that surrounds and supports a picture, door, or window; To carefully plan or organize ideas, suggestions, methods, etc., in a particular way This instructions presents a general frame of the organization
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(n. / v.) An act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of our agreement
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(adj.) Having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally The wording of the is ambiguous
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(adj.) Tidy, with everything in its place You have such neat handwriting
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(adv.) Appearing to be something, especially when this is not true; According to the facts that you know He remains confident and seemingly untroubled by his recent problems
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(n.) The fact that you are too interested in your appearance or achievements He wants the job purely for reasons of vanity and ambition
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(n.) A decision or opinion about someone or something that you form after thinking carefully It proved difficult to come make a judgement about how well the school was performing
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(v. / n.) To shine with a weak light or a light that is not continuous The lights of the village were glimmering in the distance
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(v.) To try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties She also had strived to retire on a sufficient pension
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(adj.) Careful and avoiding risks It's always prudent to read a contract carefully before singing it
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(adj.) Involved in or knowing about a crime or some activity that is wrong She was accused of being complicit in her husband's death
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(n.) The fact of something having more than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion There are some ambiguities in the legislation
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(idiom) Hidden or difficult to find Van's house is tucked away at the end of the road
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(n.) A guess that you make or an opinion that you form based on the information that you have His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had persuaded him
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(n.) A small hammer used by an official in charge of a meeting for hitting a wooden block or table in order to get people's attention The judge banged her gavel and said, "Quiet, please!"
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(adv.) In an opposite way The staff of any organisation are its best ambassadors or conversely may be it worst
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(v.) To officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes
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(v.) To make something happen Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future
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(adv.) In a way that is very unusual or easily noticed and therefore attracts a lot of attention Her husband is strikingly handsome
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(phrase) Together with other things We can analyse the food for calories, cholesterol, minerals, and so on
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(adj.) Very forceful or energetic There has been vigorous opposition to the proposals for a new road
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(adv.) In a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important This discovery had subtly changed the way I thought about myself
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(v. / n.) To destroy or badly damage something; A vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged The explosion shattered nearby windows and wrecked two cars
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(n.) A small part of machine or object that is punished down with the foot to operate or move the machine or object The sewing machine is operated by a foot pedal
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(n. / v.) A large tool with blades that digs the soil in fields so that seeds can be planted; To dig land with a plow The farmer plowed the field
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(n.) The development of a baby child or animal inside it's mother's body Elephants have a long gestation period
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(n.) Something that makes an activity or process happen or continue with more speed or energy His visit gave new impetus to the peace process
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(adj.) Not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future It's very shortsighted of the government not to invest in technological research
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(adj.) In or at the most advanced position in an area of activity This is very important, leading-edge project
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(v.) To (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts The bus was pouring out thick black exhaust fumes
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(n.) An area of deep, wet, sticky earth; An unpleasant situation that is difficult to escape We must not be drawn into the mire of civil war
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(v.) To cover or surround something with paper, cloth, or other material Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours
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(v.) If you pursue a plan, activity, or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually over a long period of time; To follow someone or something, usually to try to catch him, her, or it She is ruthless in pursuing her goals
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(v.) To remove all signs of something, either by destroying it or by covering it so that it cannot be seen The missile strike was devastating - the target was totally obliterated
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(v. / n.) To push suddenly and strongly The bodyguards thrust past the crowd to get at the cameraman
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zwrot odebranych pieniędzy commencer à apprendre
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(n.) A situation in which a government or company takes back money that it has already paid Company clawback provisions would force executives who commit fraud to return bonuses and pay
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(v.) To express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people I tried to convey in my speech how grateful we all were for his help
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(n.) The amount of money that you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition; A share or a financial involvement in something such as a business The stowaways are trying to raise the stakes by refusing to ear until they are given money and aid
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(n.) To pull and twist something suddenly or violently away from its position; A tool for holding and turning objects, especially one that can be made larger and smaller His hands were tied but he managed to wrench himself free
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(n.) A male horse that has had its testicles removed A gelding is a castrated male horse or other equine, such as a pony, donkey or a mule
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(preposition; adv.) Under or below The tunnel goes right underneath the city
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(n.) The organ in the body of a women or other female mammal in which a baby develops before birth Researchers are looking at how a mother's health can affect the baby in the womb
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(v.) To compete with other people to achieve or get something Six candidates are currently vying for the Democratic presidential nomination
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(v.) To get or obtain something From humble beginnings he went to acquire great wealth
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(v.) To spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the tournament
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(n.) To collect and control something so that it can be used effectively; A piece of equipment with straps and belts, used to control or hold in place a person, animal, or object Plans to help developing countries harness the power of technology are important in the fight against global warming
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(adv.) In a sudden, unexpected, and sometimes unpleasant way He stood up abruptly and went outside
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(n.) A particular way in which something is done, us organized, or happens The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years
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(n.) An unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of I'm in a bit of a predicament because I've accidentally accepted two invitations to dinner on the same night
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(n.) The fact of being important to or connected with what is happening or being discussed The salience of these facts was questioned by several speakers
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(n.) The stage in people's lives when they develop from a child into an adult because of changes in their body that make them able to have children At puberty, pubic hair develops and girls being to menstruate
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(n.) Slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun The sun was bot, and there were no trees to offer us shade
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(v.) To reduce or be reduced in size or importance I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help
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(phrasal verb) To mention someone or something without talking about him, her or it directly She mentioned some trouble that she'd at home and I guessed she was alluding to her son
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(v.) To get or produce something, especially information or a reaction The conference elicited a number of distinguish paper, and the proceedings will soon be published
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(v.) To use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid
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(n.) A main message or piece of information that you learn from something you hear or read His takeaway message to the students was to never accept injustice
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(adv. / conjunction) By which way or method They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period
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(adj.) Having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length The little village has very narrow streets
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(v. / n.) To (cause to) move into a sloping position He tilted his chair backwards and his feet up on his desk
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(n.) In economics, an externality is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's activity In the review, climate change is described as an economic externality
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(n.) An idea, plan, or person with no chance of success The proposal was a non-starter from the beginning because there was no possibility of funding
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(adj.) Kind and helpful; Giving money or help to people or organizations that need it He was a benevolent old man and wouldn't hurt a fly
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(n.) A combination of parts that create a complete whole Nearly every new parent feels an amalgam of joy and terror
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(adj.) Clever, especially in a dishonest or secret way We ought to penalise that small body of crafty employers who desire to evade their responsibilities
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(v.) When qualities, characteristics, or smells pervade a place or thing, they spread through it and are present in every part of it The film movie is a reflection of the violence that pervades our culture
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równanie; zestaw faktów mających wpływ na określoną sytuację commencer à apprendre
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(n.) A mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts are equal using methmatical symbols; A situation, especially when it is considered to be complicated and made up of many different parts A WTO cannot afford to ignore the trade side of the equation
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upiększanie historii; haft commencer à apprendre
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(n.) The way that someone makes a story more entertaining by adding imaginary details to it There were few political embroideries; but those we accept in good part
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(v.) To search for something that is difficult to find among other things She rummaged in all the drawers, looking for a pen
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(n.) The characteristic of often changing and being different Sexual reproduction serves to create genetic variety
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(n.) The art or technique of weaving on a handloom She learned the art of handweaving from her grandmother
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(adj.) Found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person's body or mind Evidently, the modeling of endogenous movements of wages and interest rates is important
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(n.) A measurement of the amount of information that can be sent between computers, through a phone line, etc. I don't have the bandwidth to read stuff I know isn't going to lead to productive discussion
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(n.) A short, often funny, especially about something someone has done He told one or two amusing anecdotes about his years as a policeman
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robić aluzję do kogoś/czegoś commencer à apprendre
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allude to someone/somebody (phrasal verb) To mention someone or something without talking about him, her or it directly He alluded to problems with the new computers
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(n.) An expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public Pundits, free trade “globalists,” and MAGA nationalists contend full-time on cable television
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(v.) Join, fasten, or repair (something) by making stitches with a needle and thread or a sewing machine Pressers, mostly Italian men, both new immigrants and older generations, transformed the sewn coat into its familiar shape
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(n. / adj.) The ordinary members of an organization as opposed to its leaders Deteriorating conditions in the shops generated a rank-and-file revolt
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(n.) A level or class to which people are assigned according to their social status, education, or income / A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground Everyone there belonged to the same social stratum - dirt poor
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(v.) To push, throw, or force something out of a place In Philadelphia, several hundred angry members attended the Joint Board meeting and were eventually ejected
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(v. / n.) To take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which you want him, her, or it: The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy
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(adj.) Strong and determined Now we are told that they will bring their capital back and invest it here behind a sturdy tariff wall
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(n.) The state of being impractical or not doable Alas, well before US President Donald Trump’s re-election, this aim slipped into the realm of infeasibility
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(adj. / n.) Being one only, single; The bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel European leaders' sole strategic aim turned to dust - a reality that would have become undeniable regardless of who won the US presidency last November
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(v.). To make something appear by magic, or as if by magic Even if the European Commission and Council could wave a magic wand to conjure a large, well-armed EU army into existence, who would have the democratic authority to send it into battle to kill and be killed?
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(n.) The careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it Large headline figures were again being tossed about, only to be exposed on closer scrutiny as smoke and mirrors
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(n. / v.) A fall in the price, value, sales, etc. of something / (of prices, values, or sales) to fall suddenly ReArm will, however, almost certainly drive the EU deeper into its pre-existing economic slump – the underlying cause of Europe’s weakness
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(v.) To mix or combine, or be mixed or combined The excitement of starting a new job is always mingled with certain apprehension
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(adj.) Continuing without any possibility of being stopped The inexorable progress of science
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oskarżenie; akt oskarżenia commencer à apprendre
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(n.) Something that shows a policy, system, society, etc. is bad or wrong It seems to me to be a damning indictment of the government's education policy
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(adj.) Not showing purpose, meaning, or intelligence; empty To seem real to your readers, your characters must not be vacuous, but complex human beings with ordinary difficulties and goals
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commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) (especially of disease or something bad) continuing for a long time There is a chronic shortage of teachers
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(n.) Appeasement is a diplomatic strategy where concessions are made to an agressive power to avoid conflict, often with the hope of preventing war Critics of appeasement say it can result in world war
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) If one thing dwarfs another, it makes it seem small by comparison The new crisis may well dwarf most that have gone before
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) Cannot tolerate; to fallow or obey You must abide by the terms of the contract
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(v.) To lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat; to die or suffer badly from an illness I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms
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(adj.) Very severe or extreme; very strong or violent She was filled a raging anger after hearing the news
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(n.) The day or period before an improvement event Mrs Clayton was speaking to Arab journalists in Paris on the eve of her visit to Egypt
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(adj.) Making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something The country was faced with the daunting prospect of overcoming four decades of division
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(v.) To interest someone in something and keep them thinking about it The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation
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(n.) A sudden wish to do something without a reason My schedule is not subject to the whim of lunatics
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(v.) To repeat a process Unfortunately, this naive implementation destructs and rebuilds the argument while iterating over its type structure
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niepotrzebnie coś powtarzać commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To repeat excessively; To repeat words, phrases, etc., to an excessive and tiresome degree During his speech, the candidate began to battologize, repeating the same promises over and over until the crowd grew restless
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(adj.) Annoying and making you lose patience He has the tiresome habit of finishing your sentences for you
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(n.) The fact that someone likes something or likes to do something, especially something considered morally wrong Another factor that undermined the influence of intelligence with civilian decision makers was the military proclivity for 'worst-case' assessments
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(v.) To make clear what you think or want without saying it directly She has intimated that she will resign if she loses the vote
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(adj.) Difficult to understand; preventing light from traveling through, and therefore not allowing you to see through it The majority of readers found his poetry difficult, even opaque
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(n.) Something that is affirmed or denied of the subject of a proposition In classical logic, a predicate express a property or relation that a subject either possesses or lacks
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(n.) The time when you are not working or doing other duties The balance between work and leisure is changing
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(n.) Complicated details No one knows the intricacies of the issue better than these two
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(n.) Something that happens or is present It is a rare occurrence to win the lottery
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(v.) To make a situation or activity continue in the same way The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region
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(adj.) Common; widespread Lung diseases used to be prevalent among miners
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(v.) If a problem arises, it starts happen The whole problem arose from a lack of communication
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(adj.) Strange or unusual; not happening often He's odd, I don't know why you are friends with him
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(v.) To think of an idea or plan The original idea for the novel was conceived in Rome
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(adj.) When something happens without deliberate planning od intention I inadvertently trod on someone's foot
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(n.) Difference Such disparities do not provide a healthy future for either community
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zajęcie obciążonej hipoteki commencer à apprendre
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(n.) The action of taking back property that was bought with borrowed money because the money was not being paid back as formally agreed She is another homeowner facing foreclosure
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uporać się z czymś; stawiać czoło commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To try to deal with something or someone The new Market Definition Notice adopted by the European Commission in 2024 tackles precisely the question of market boundaries
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commencer à apprendre
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(n.) Power or influence over the other people or events While firm scale may provide some political clout domestically, it seems doubtful that mere consolidation would significantly tilt balances of power in international relations
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(adj.) Used to emphasize that something is not large or important The doll costs mere 20 dollars
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(adj.) If you are doubtful about something, you are uncertain about it It was doubtful that the money would ever be found again
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(n.) Discussion between people in order to reach agreement on something such as prices, wages, working conditions, etc. After tough bargaining, the plan has been agreed upon with the unions
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(adj.) Sly, clever at being deceitful The general devised a cunning plan to surprise enemy
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(v.) Plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) by careful thought A training programme should be devised
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(adj.) Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone The manager was ambivalent about the proposed merger
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(adj.) Someone passionately devoted to a cause The political zealot walked over a thousand miles to get people to sign his petition
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(adj.) Under pressure He's been under the gun to finish the project
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(adj.) Deserving blame He was culpable of the crime, and was sentenced to perform community service for 75 years
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(n.) A rule made by a group or organization The club's by-law prohibit late-night meetings
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(adj.) Having rugged physical strength The stalwart firefighter carried the injured person to safety
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(adj.) Of or relating to an epiphany or sudden realization The epiphanous moment changed the course of her research
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(adj.) Sharp, critical, hurtful Two hours after breaking up with Russel, Suzanne thought of the perfect scathing retort to his accusations
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(adj.) Secretly engaged in Nerwin waged a covert campaign against his enemies, while outwardly appearing to remain friendly
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(adv.) In a way that relates to how people, situations, or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside Many of my relations in America seem outwardly to be happy
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(n.) An essential part The most important constituent of her perfume is something called ambergris
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(adj.) Affects things from the past The law was made retroactive to January
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(adj.) Very persistent in request or demands He was importunate for an answer
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(adj.) Severe, expressing strong criticism or forceful opinion His most trenchant criticism is reserved for the party leader, whom he describes as "the most incompetent and ineffectual the party has known"
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To include as a necessary step Building a new fance entails tearing down the old one
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irytować; coś irytującego commencer à apprendre
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(v. / n.) To annoy someone; Be something that's annoying What peeved her most was his thoughtlessness
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commencer à apprendre
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(n.) Something that especially annoys you Weak coffee is one of my pet peeve
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(v.) To say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done I asked her what the time was, but she didn't respond
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To annoy or cause problems for someone Don't bother your father when he's working
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(n.) Small pieces of rubbish that have been left laying on the ground in public places About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as litter
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(adj.) Polite and showing respect Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous
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(adj.) Extreme in a way that is very obviously wrong and unacceptable Both sides in the debate are prone to gross exaggeration
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(v.) To make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is The threat of attack has been greatly exaggerated
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(n.) Words that are offensive because of not respecting religion, or offensive because of being rude The film contains profanity and violence
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(v.) To say something or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening Don't blame me if you miss the bus!
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commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Calm and in control of your emotions She looked remarkably composed throughout the funeral
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(v.) To make something by joining separate parts; To come together in a single place or bring parts in a single group Furniture that is easy to assemble
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(n.) Behaviour that is careful and avoids risks The firm was commended for its financial prudence
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(n.) The state of being clean, or the act of keeping things clean All civilized nations, he wrote, pay greats attention to scientific and modern rules of cleanliness and health
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(n.) The quality of not being proud because you are aware of your bad qualities He doesn't have the humility to admit when he's wrong
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(adv.) More than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable There's no need to be unduly pessimistic about the situation
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(adj.) (esp. of people or their behavior) very energetic, and showing the happiness of being alive He is an exuberant dancer
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(adj.) Unhappy and with no hope or enthusiasm He became increasingly despondent when she failed to return his phone calls
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(n.) The feeling of being entertained or made to laugh I play the piano just for my own amusement
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(n.) An amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing
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(n.) The state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed Pregnant women often suffer from iron deficiency
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(n.) A feeling of love or strong connection to someone or something At university I formed a strong attachment to one of my tutors
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(v.) To feel or show great happiness about something Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return
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(n.) An occasion when a group of people, especially soldiers or sailors, refuses to obey orders and attempts to take control from people in authority There were rumours of mutiny among the troops
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(v.) To cry tears People in the street wept with joy when peace was announced
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(n.) A large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent The angry mob outside the jail was ready to riot
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(v.) To (cause something to) spread in many directions Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge
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(v.) To look at or through something to see what is there I like to browse through a book before reading it
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commencer à apprendre
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(n. / v.) A short part taken from a speech, book, film, etc.; To take a small part from a speech, book, film, etc. in order to publish it separately I want you to watch another excerpt from the film
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commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To make something by joining separate parts together; To come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group I'm assembling a new Ikea cupboard
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nieopierzony; niedoświadczony commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Inexperienced or immature The callow intern was eager to learn
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(adj.) Wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable I am always eager to help
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(n.) Wandering off from the main path of topic His talk was full of interesting divagation
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(n.) To feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happen The dread of the death often makes us passive
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commencer à apprendre
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(n.) The quality of being good and deserving praise Brierley's book had the merit of being both informative and readable
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(n.) A process in which something improves or os improved after being in a bad condition The challenge we need to resolve is our economic renewal
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(v.) To take control or possession of something in a gradual way and often without being noticed The farmers encroached on forest land to grew crops
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nieudolny; niekompetentny commencer à apprendre
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(adj.) Not skilled or effective My inept attorney should have brought that out in court, but never mind
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(adj.) Advisable, advantageous, serving one's self-interest In his bid of reelection, the governor made an expedient move by tabling all controversial legislation
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(n.) Severe lack of resources or extreme poverty My uncle wasted his fortune and died in penury
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(n.) A greeting Andrew regularly began letters with the bizarre salutation "ahoy ahoy"
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(adj.) To lack or be without something that is necessary or usual He seems to be devoid of compassion
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(adj.) Happening or done without delay We must make an immediate response
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(n. / adj.) Someone or something that you notice especially because they are an excellent example or the best example of something While all the desserts are pretty good, the clear standout is the lemon pie
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(adj.) Difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever
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(adj.) Having to do something, because you are forced to or feel it is necessary He felt compelled to report the incident
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(adv.) In the same way Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom
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(adj.) Having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through Either side of the river is dense, impenetrable jungle
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(n.) A frame or fence for jumping over in a race; A problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress The cost of this exercise is proving to be a major hurdle
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(n.) A situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken Tomorrow's meeting between the two leaders is expected to break a diplomatic stalemate that has lasted for ten years
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(adj.) Vicious people or actions show an intention or wish to hurt someone or something very badly The police said that this was one of the most vicious attacks they'd ever seen
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(n.) Wickedness or sin "Your iniquity" said the priest to the practical jokester, "will be forgiven"
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klika; zebrać się w ścisłym gronie commencer à apprendre
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(n.) (a meeting of) a small group of people in a political party or organization who have a lot of influence, or who have similar interests The ironworkers held a caucus to determine how much of pay increase they would request
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(adj.) Flexible Aircraft wings are designed to be somewhat pliable so they do not break in heavy turbulence
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(v.) Be of the same opinion, agree All members concur on the decision
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(v.) To use something effectively We need to utilize all available resources
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(v.) To make void or invalid After seeing its unforseen and catastrophic effects, Congress sought to annul the law
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(adj.) Troublesome or irritable Although the child insisted he wasn't tired, his fractious behavior convinced everyone otherwise
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(n.) A tendency, propensity Neither of us has the time or inclination for emotional complications
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(v.) Move about aimlessly or without any destinantion Her eyes roamed through the room
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(v. / n.) To rest, lie down After a vigorous hike in the mountains, we decided to repose and let our muscles recover
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(v.) To charm, hold spellbound The sailor's stories of fighting off sharks and finding ancient treasures enthralled his young son
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(n.) Audacity, recklessness She confronted the intruder with a courage bordering on temerity
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(adj. / v.) Suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion; To keep an amount of money to use for a particular purpose Is this an appropriate occasion to discuss finance?
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(v.) Regard with great respect; revere He would be a rich man for life, with a house of his own, a wife, and children growing up to venerate him
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(adj.) Harmful Divorce is assumed to have deleterious effects on children
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(v.) Dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of (a statement or motive); call into question The father does not impugn her capacity as a good mother
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(adj.) (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent They failed to develop a coherent economic strategy
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(n.) A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organzations The alliance between the two companies led to innovative collaborations
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(n. / v.) To criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected: His mother reproached him for not eating all his dinner
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(v.) To develop or grow quickly But, as the population burgeoned in recent decades, traditional economies faltered and were supplanted by agricultural production reliant on few species
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(n.) A piece of writing or a speech in which a person strongly attacks or defends a particular opinion, person, idea, or set of beliefs Secondly, and more importantly, it transforms reviewing into polemic
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(v.) To persuade someone to do something they might not want to do, by pleasant talk and promises, sometimes ones which are false He really knows how to cajole people into doing what he wants
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(adj.) Not clear and seeming to have two opposing meanings, or confusing and able to be understood in two different ways For if a theological term does not signify a common, univocal property, it will necessarily be equivocal
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(v.) To take something without having the right to do so They arrogate to themselves the power to punish people
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(adj.) Appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat the government
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(n.) An area of soft, wet ground that you sink into if you try to walk on it; A difficult and dangerous situation Since the coup, the country has sunk deeper into a quagmire of violence and lawlessness
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(v.) To love, protect, and care for someone or something that is important to you Venerated as a fount of communal identity, cherished as a precious and endangered resource, yesterday became less and less like today
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(n.) The act of saying that you approve of or support something or someone When a 40-year-old economics professor at Harvard University named Dani Rodrik was preparing to publish his first book in 1997, he sent the manuscript to a fellow economist to ask for an endorsement
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(n.) A disadvantage of situation or a thing The title of Rodrik's book was 'Has Globalization Gone Too Far?', and it argued that without government policies to mitigate the downside of free trade, the results would be deep and corrosive social divisions
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(v. / n.) To complain angrily The 'barbarians' were men like Pat Buchanan on the right and Richard Gephardt on the left, both whom railed about how free trade cost American jobs during their losing presidential races
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(adv.) Until something expected happens, or while something else is happening The barbarians, meanwhile, wanted to replace the free-trade principles that were guiding U.S. trade free policy with rank protectionism
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(adv.) Having a slight or unclear awareness of something Though most economists were at least dimly aware that globalization was causing factories to close and workers to lose their jobs, that was not something they were willing to study or even talk about
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(n.) An advantage a country has over another country because it can produce a particular type of product more efficiently When David Ricardo expounded the theory of comparative advantage, he chose the examples of wine and cloth
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(adj.) Believing strongly in a religion and obeying all its rules or principles As David Rothkopf, a political scientist who worked in Bill Clinton's Commerce Department told me, the speeches administration officials - all devout globalists - would make back then were 'quasi-theological'
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(n.) A very small amount of something Whitout a scintilla of doubt, we believed that globalization created so much prosperity around the world that the loss of jobs in places like Flint, Michigan, and High Point, North Carolina, was a worth price to pay
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skrajny; poza głównym nurtem commencer à apprendre
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(adj. / n.) The outer edge of an area or a group Today, with President Donald Trump imposing huge tariffs on China and on-again-off-again tariffs on the rest of the world the case against neoliberalism isn't a fringe opinion
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(n.) A small number of people or things To put it another way, what did the handful of skeptics like Rodrik see that the rest of us didn't?
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(adj.) Difficult to fight against And if you read about 1920s, you'll see that capital flows were overwhelming, creating enormous distortions that led to many of the problems of the 1920s
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(v.) To influence someone to behave or think in a particular way or to have a particular condition Individualism predisposes many people to look for individual solutions to social problems
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(v.) To feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened; Regret He saw Chinese export machine that created enormous surpluses that we would one day come to rue
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(n.) A situation in which the value of goods a country exports (= sells to other countries) is greater than the value of goods it imports (= buys from other countries), or the size of this difference A fall in the price of grain and severe flooding impacted heavily on the country's trade surplus
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(n.) The cause or origin of something bad We must get to the root of this problem
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(adj.) Annoying It was very galling to have a younger brother who did everything better than me
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nadużycie; znęcać się; znieważać commencer à apprendre
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(n. / v.) The use of something in a way that is harmful or morally wrong; To treat someone cruelly or violently Persowitz also remembers the abuse he took for his views
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(n.) Someone who deceives people in order to get money from them: Paul Krugman, who was not yet a 'New York Times' columnist but was already an influential economist, called Persowitz 'an intellectual snake oil salesman' in book he wrote called Pop Internationalism
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(v. / n.) If something hard, such as a bone, fractures, or is fractured, it breaks or cracks No one anymore, on the left or the right, denies that globalization has fractured the U.S., both economically and socially
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(phrasal v.) To make an empty space inside something It has hollowed out once-prosperous regions like the furniture-making areas of North Carolina and auto manufacturing towns of the Midwest
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commencer à apprendre
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(n. / v.) A piece of paper or other material that gives you information about the object it is attached to; A word or a phrase that is used to describe the characteristics or qualities of people, activities, or things, often in a way that is unfair Why were we so quick to label anyone who even flirted with the idea that maybe the U.S. should be protecting its industrial base, just as other countries did, as a Pat Buchanan - like fool?
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(adv.) Always At the same time, companies like Walmart and Costco could buy goods directly from Chinese manufacturers, which invariably had lower prices than comparable American goods
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(v.) To be greater or more important than something else Most economists believed that a growing trade deficit was a nonissue, and in any case, even if other countries, like China, didn't play by the rules established by the WTO, the benefits still outweighed any economic lossess
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(adj.) Certainly true As for the undeniable fact the globalization cost factory workers their jobs, Rodrik told me that there was a 'cavalier' assumption in the economics profession that people who saw their factories close would just move and find a job somewhere else
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(n.) A song, film, or piece of writing that praises someone or something very enthusiastically The song is a paean to solitude and independence
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free someone/something up (collocation) To make someone or something available to be used for something or to do something: It helps because it frees up people and capital to different, more sophisticated work, and helps because it gives an opportunity to produce the end product more cheaply
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(adj.) If you are starry-eyed, you have a lot of thoughts and opinions that are unreasonably positive, so you do not understand things as they really are Though the book was on the bestseller list for the next 12 months, Friedman's starry-eyed view crumbled over the next decade-plus
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kruszyć się; popadać w ruinę commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To break, or cause something to break, into small pieces She nervously crumbled the bread between her fingers
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(adv.) In an obvious way, with no effort to hide something A second long-held belief was was that as China matured as an economic power, it would stop brazenly stealing intellectual property and conform to the WTO's rules of the road
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(n.) The time at which a situation starts to change in an important way The turning point in her political career came when she was chosen to run for a Senate seat
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(v.) To force something out of its usual or original position We knew that China had to have displaced a lot of U.S. manufacturing workers, but we didn't know the consequences
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(n.) A slight change made to something to make it fit, work better, or be more suitable, or the act of making such a change Adjustment in local labor markets is remarkably slow, with wages and labor-force participation rates remaining depressed and unemployment rates remaining elevated for at least a full decade after the China trade shock commances
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(v.) To begin something We will commence building work in August of next year
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bezpośrednia krytyka; tępy commencer à apprendre
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(adj. / v.) Saying what you think without trying to be polite or caring about other people’s feelings; Not having a sharp edge or point He believed in blunt criticism and tariffs
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(adj.) Large in amount, size, force, etc. Persowitz noted that while Trump placed a hefty tariff on China during his first term, 'the administration wasn't at war with them. They maintained a relationship'
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(n.) Person or thing that is atypical within a particular group, class, or category; A statistical observation that is markedly different in value from the others of the sample And the former outliers? They are now heralded as prophets
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(v.) To change the way something is expressed or considered Pettis's work has reframed the way policymakers think about trade imbalances
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(n.) Extreme suprise He had a look of amazement on his face when he saw what we made
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(n.) A supply of something that is much greater than can be sold or is needed or wanted The book described the job losses, rising debt, and glut of manufactured goods coming into the U.S. form China as 'a perversion of what global integration was supposed to achieve'
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(adj.) Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large The willingness of the U.S. to absorb 'the rest of the world's excess output and savings - at the cost of deindustrialization and financial crises - has been America's exorbitant burden
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(v.) To make something happen sooner or more quickly The book has been enormously influential and helped hasten the decline of neoliberal dogma
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(adv.) Despite what has just been said or done Nonetheless, few of the skeptics I interviewed for this story are happy about Trump's trade policy this time around
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(adv.) Over the side of a boat or ship and into the water We do want a new beginning, but not one in which tried and tested methods are thrown overboard
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(n.) A passageway between rows of seats Once we got inside the stadium we walked down the aisle to our seats
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(n.) Vengeful anger, punishment Did you really want to incur her wrath when she is know for inflicting the worst punishment legally possible?
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(v.) To freely choose not to commit an action Everyone demanded that Angus put on the kilt, but he did not want to do it and abstained
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(adj.) Excessively dry Little other than palm trees and cacti grow successfully in aird environment
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(n.) Great size or scale The enormity of the universe is astounding
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(adj.) Forebonding or foreshadowing evil The fortuneteller's ominous words flashed through my mind as the hooded figure approached me in the alley
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(adj.) Clear and easily to understood Because the medicine made Lisa drowsy, she was not very lucid
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(adj.) Being in a state between sleeping and being awake The room is so warm it's making me feel drowsy
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(adj.) Attractive or beautiful He was a bright, bonny lad, full of enthusiasm for life
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(n.) Integration of digital technology to create new or modify existing business processes, culture, and customer experiences The company embarked on a digital transformation to streamline operations and enhance customer engagement
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poprawiać (wydajność), zwiększać (efektywność), usprawniać (proces) commencer à apprendre
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(v.) make (an organization or system) more efficient and effective by employing faster or simpler working methods This tool helped them to streamline the process of assessing risk
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(adj.) Holy, something that should not be criticized In the United States Constitution is often though of as a sacrosanct document
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(v.) Take small bites out of I put on weight because I was constantly nibbling
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(n.) A strong dislike, repugnance Their vastly different political views led to antipathy on both sides
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wprawiać w osłupienie; ogłupiać commencer à apprendre
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(v.) To astonish, make insensible Veronica's audacity and ungratefulness stupefied her best friend, Heather
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(n. / v.) A religious folk song or popular hymn, particularly one associated with Christmas We sang carols by candlelight
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(v.) Go somewhere with (someone) as a companion or escort; Be present or occur at the same time as (something else) The illness is often accompanied by nausea
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(v.) To divide something into two equal parts Peel and halve the potatoes
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(n.) The time of year when there is the greatest length of daylight (summer solstice) or the shortest (winter solstice) Those celebrating the solstice have now dispersed from the area and did so without further incident
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(v.) Worsen situation His angry comments only added fuel to the fire
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