Unit 8 - Upstream

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question réponse
far-reaching
commencer à apprendre
having a great influence on a large number of things; extensive; wide-ranging; widespread
dislocation
commencer à apprendre
disturbance or removal from the usual place or state;
maim
commencer à apprendre
to injure so badly that a part of the body becomes useless;
high profile
commencer à apprendre
conspicuous; evident; attracting a lot of attention;
pave the way (for sb/sth)
commencer à apprendre
to prepare for sb/sth, to make the arrival or appearance of sb/sth easier
footage
commencer à apprendre
a film or part of a film of a particular event; recording, video, clip
preconception
commencer à apprendre
a belief formed about sth before one has got information about it; presupposition; bias; prejudice
bigoted
commencer à apprendre
prejudiced
commandeer
commencer à apprendre
to force sb to help in a task
obtuse
commencer à apprendre
slow to understand; stupid
misidentification
commencer à apprendre
wrong identification; misscall; missname
abound
commencer à apprendre
to be plentiful; be full of; exist in large numbers or amounts
phenotypic
commencer à apprendre
(of appearence) having features determined by environment and not heredity factors
consistency
commencer à apprendre
the thickness or smoothness of a substance; steadiness; stability;
candy floss/cotton candy
commencer à apprendre
wata cukrowa
heritage
commencer à apprendre
tradition; legacy
oblivious of sth
commencer à apprendre
unaware; ignorant;
endowed
commencer à apprendre
blessed with a particular characteristic; gifted; blessed
to floor
commencer à apprendre
to surprise and make sb unable to respond; baffle; confuse
heredity
commencer à apprendre
the process by which certain characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring
perpetuate
commencer à apprendre
continue; carry on; keep going; preserve
personal agenda
commencer à apprendre
sb’s intentions or personal plans
inflict
commencer à apprendre
to bring upon suffering, harm or damage; cause; impose something unwelcome on
preaching
commencer à apprendre
talking about a religious or moral subject
turmoil
commencer à apprendre
chaos, confusion
advocate
commencer à apprendre
a supporter; proponent;
imposition
commencer à apprendre
using authority to force people to accept sth; forcing; imposing
boil down to
commencer à apprendre
to be the most basic aspect of a matter; come down to
dubious
commencer à apprendre
doubtful, unreliable, uncertain, unsure
footing
commencer à apprendre
the basis; foundation;
cling (on) to sth
commencer à apprendre
to hold onto (e.g. a belief)
outmoded
commencer à apprendre
outdated; old-fashioned; out of date
apportion
commencer à apprendre
to divide into shares; split;
blend
commencer à apprendre
a combination, mix
intermingling
commencer à apprendre
a blend, mix
bogus
commencer à apprendre
false, counterfeit; fake
mould
commencer à apprendre
form, shape, frame
underscore
commencer à apprendre
to emphasise; highlight; stress; accent
weirdness
commencer à apprendre
strangeness
construct
commencer à apprendre
a complex idea
instil sth in/into sb
commencer à apprendre
to implant; to make sb think or feel an idea or feeling
arbitrary
commencer à apprendre
random, unpredictable, not based on a reason
malicious
commencer à apprendre
vicious, cruel, hostile, evil
monoracialism
commencer à apprendre
the belief in the superiority of one race;
exclusion
commencer à apprendre
preventing sb from entering a place or taking part in an actvity; rejection;
distinction
commencer à apprendre
difference
unrest
commencer à apprendre
disturbance; disruption; chaos
constitute
commencer à apprendre
to combine to form a whole; compose; form
mobility
commencer à apprendre
movement; flexibility
bid
commencer à apprendre
an attempt; effort; try
curb
commencer à apprendre
to restrain; hold back; limit
alleged
commencer à apprendre
stated but not proved to be true
subsidised
commencer à apprendre
with part of the cost paid by sb else, usually a government agency; sponsored; funded;
invalid
commencer à apprendre
an ill or disabled person
nourishing
commencer à apprendre
healthy, beneficial
mentally challenged
commencer à apprendre
(very polite) mentally disabled, mentally handicapped
saving grace
commencer à apprendre
a good quality or feature that prevents sb from being completely bad or worthless;
dispose of sth
commencer à apprendre
to get rid of sth; eliminate
cordially
commencer à apprendre
in a very friendly way; warmly; respectfully, kindly
gratuitous
commencer à apprendre
unnecessary; redundant
incensed
commencer à apprendre
extremely angry, enraged, mad
twiddle one’s thumbs
commencer à apprendre
to have nothing to do and wait for sth to happen
trudge
commencer à apprendre
to walk slowly and with difficulty;
stroll
commencer à apprendre
to wander, walk in a slow and relaxed way
saunter
commencer à apprendre
to walk slowly and casually
strut
commencer à apprendre
to walk in a proud way
dim
commencer à apprendre
not very strong or obvious; weak; soft; vague; unclear
rudimentary
commencer à apprendre
basic, simple, elementary
menial
commencer à apprendre
(of work) boring and badly paid
barrister
commencer à apprendre
a lawyer in higher courts of law
magistrate
commencer à apprendre
a judge dealing with minor crimes in law courts
abhorrence
commencer à apprendre
strong hatred; loathing
dispute
commencer à apprendre
argument, disagreement
tiff
commencer à apprendre
a minor quarrel between friends or a married couple
clash
commencer à apprendre
a fight or an argument between people
congregation
commencer à apprendre
people attending a church service; (wierni)
rally
commencer à apprendre
a public meeting supporting sth; gathering
ceasefire
commencer à apprendre
a temporary suspension of fighting between groups of people or countries
truce
commencer à apprendre
an agreement between two people or groups of people to stop fighting
treaty
commencer à apprendre
a written agreement between countries to help each other or do sth in particular
faction
commencer à apprendre
a group of people within a larger one; clique
settler
commencer à apprendre
a person who goes to live in a new country
mediator
commencer à apprendre
sb who settles an argument between two (groups of) people
intermediary
commencer à apprendre
sb who passes messages between people or groups
interceptor
commencer à apprendre
a person or thing that stops sth from going from one place to another
strife
commencer à apprendre
conflict; friction; dispute; quarrel
friction
commencer à apprendre
disagreement, argument
decree
commencer à apprendre
an official order or decision
deposition
commencer à apprendre
a formal written statement
drag one’s feet/heels
commencer à apprendre
to hold back, delay
a storm in a teacup
commencer à apprendre
a lot of fuss about sth unimportant
a drop in the ocean
commencer à apprendre
a very small and unimportant amount
fight a losing battle
commencer à apprendre
to try to achieve sth that cannot be achieved
bite off more than one can chew
commencer à apprendre
to try to do sth which is beyond one’s capabilities
eradicate
commencer à apprendre
to eliminate, get rid of, remove
a law unto oneself
commencer à apprendre
sb who does as she or he pleases
make a mountain out of a molehill
commencer à apprendre
to make an unimportant fact seem like a serious one
outstay one’s welcome
commencer à apprendre
to stay longer than expected
drive a wedge between sb and sb else
commencer à apprendre
to cause ill feelings between people
on the grounds of
commencer à apprendre
because of
counter
commencer à apprendre
to make less effective; to strive to reduce or eliminate
influx
commencer à apprendre
an arrival of people or things in large numbers
surveillance
commencer à apprendre
close observation; scrutiny; supervision
culprit
commencer à apprendre
an offender; criminal; wrongdoer;
infringement
commencer à apprendre
an interference in sb's rights and freedom; violation
civic duty
commencer à apprendre
duty done for the good of a particular community
solidarity
commencer à apprendre
agreement or unity among a group of people; unity
prevalent
commencer à apprendre
common, widespread, frequent, common, general
stem from
commencer à apprendre
to be caused by; originate; rise
evoke
commencer à apprendre
to cause to occur; summon
glass ceiling
commencer à apprendre
the imaginary barrier that stops e.g. women from getting the highest positions, best jobs, etc
maternity leave
commencer à apprendre
a period of time when a woman is on leave from work to have a baby
high-ranking
commencer à apprendre
important, at a high level
swiftly
commencer à apprendre
quickly, fast, rapidly
entail
commencer à apprendre
involve, require, imply, involve
fraud
commencer à apprendre
criminal dishonesty or deceit
contemptuous of sb/sth
commencer à apprendre
showing disrespect, mockery
exploitative
commencer à apprendre
unfairly using people’s work or ideas for one’s own advantage
redress
commencer à apprendre
to correct or compensate for sth unfair or wrong
fend for oneself
commencer à apprendre
to take care of oneself without help from others;
malevolent
commencer à apprendre
evil; malicious;
humbling
commencer à apprendre
making sb feel inferior or embarrassed; humiliating; degrading;
bubbling
commencer à apprendre
active, full of energy,
quick-witted
commencer à apprendre
intelligent, sharp, quick,
humaneness
commencer à apprendre
kindness or sympathy towards people and animals; kindness, benevolence
elucidate
commencer à apprendre
to make clear, to clarify, explain
humiliated
commencer à apprendre
made to feel ashamed
underpin
commencer à apprendre
to support, strengthen, reinforce
exacerbate
commencer à apprendre
to aggravate, to worsen, magnify
asset
commencer à apprendre
a useful quality, advantage, benefit, strength
mutate into sth
commencer à apprendre
to change in form or nature
unleash
commencer à apprendre
to let loose, release
equitable
commencer à apprendre
reasonable and fair, giving everybody equal treatment
grid
commencer à apprendre
a network
own up to sth
commencer à apprendre
to admit having done sth wrong
compulsive
commencer à apprendre
(of people) behaving in an uncontrollable way, doing sth wrong
withdraw
commencer à apprendre
to stop taking part
anguish
commencer à apprendre
suffering, torment, pain, agony
doomed
commencer à apprendre
certain to fail or be destroyed
redundancy
commencer à apprendre
losing a job due to financial problems of one’s employer;
delinquent
commencer à apprendre
having a tendency to commit minor crimes repeatedly; offender; wrongdoer; criminal
accumulate
commencer à apprendre
to acquire an increasing number of sth; collect; gather
egg on
commencer à apprendre
to encourage sb to do sth dangerous or foolish
repel
commencer à apprendre
to make sb feel disgust; repulse;
infested
commencer à apprendre
full of creatures (of insects or animals) that cause damage;
legitimate
commencer à apprendre
reasonable, justified, legal
shirk (from) sth
commencer à apprendre
to avoid doing sth one should do (wykręcać się od czegoś)
stem
commencer à apprendre
to stop sth from spreading or increasing; stop; restrict; block
volatile
commencer à apprendre
unstable; likely to change unexpectedly; explosive;
detain
commencer à apprendre
to keep sb in a place under control; imprison; restrain; arrest
indestructible
commencer à apprendre
that cannot be destroyed;
befit
commencer à apprendre
to be proper or good enough for sb or sth;
clamour for sth
commencer à apprendre
to demand sth angrily or noisily
concession
commencer à apprendre
a lower price given to old people, students and the unemployed;
hellbent on sth
commencer à apprendre
determined, stubborn
exasperating
commencer à apprendre
very annoying, infuriating, irritating
withhold
commencer à apprendre
not to let sb have sth; hide; retain;
irrelevancy
commencer à apprendre
sth unimportant or unnecessary
biannually
commencer à apprendre
twice a year
proximity
commencer à apprendre
closeness, nearness
in retrospect
commencer à apprendre
thinking about an event after it has happened, often with a different opinion about it
steadfast
commencer à apprendre
firm, constant, loyal, devoted
consent form
commencer à apprendre
a form containing a written permission from sb
bask in sth
commencer à apprendre
to enjoy sth greatly
affliction
commencer à apprendre
sth that causes physical or mental suffering; ailment; disorder
recuperation
commencer à apprendre
recovery after an illness or injury
stroke
commencer à apprendre
the blocking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain

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