The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean

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question réponse
wrodzony
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innate
I assure you it has nothing to do with bravery, or some innate motivation to break the big story.
zalewać
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inundate
The Mediterranean markets were suddenly inundated with goods from across.
realny, wykonalny, opłacalny, rentowny
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viable
His successor the Emperor Augustus thought that the parts of Germany that lay between the Rhine and the Elbe was a viable conquest.
wszechobecny, dominujący
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pervasive
Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
ograniczyć, zahamować, skrócić
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curtail
Inflation was curtailed by increased supplies and prices fell back to affordable levels due to the additional imports.
chwiać się, opadać, potykać się
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to falter
łagodny, pobłażliwy
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lenient
Royal tributes were reduced to encourage hope that Roman rule would be lenient.
surowość, powaga, kryzys ekonomiczny
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austerity
Rome departed from its traditional values of austerity.
naruszać, podawać w wątpliwość
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contravene
Roman dealings with the distant East contravened this practice wth the mass export.
okazalość, wystawność
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granduer
Empire was over and as long-term revenues faltered, imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentions in the world of failing grandeur.
długość życia, trwałość, długowieczność
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longevity
Yet the size and longevity of Rome's empire cannot be argued away.
wieżyczka, wieżą oblężnicza
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turret
rywalizować, konkurować
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to vie
Tacitus says that chieftains vied to prove their prowess.
przyznać, ustąpić, dać za wygraną, rezygnować
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to concede
Even critics of empires must concede this about Rome.
czynić, nakładać karę, zadawać, pododować
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to inflict
He inflicted a devastating defeat on his enemy.
skąpy, skromny, nędzny
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meagre
meagre pay
uzależniony
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reliant
for these were raiders reliant on their swords
styczny, sąsiadujacy, przylegly
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adjacent
None of the other provinces was physically adjacent.
tępo, bez ogródek, szczerze
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bluntly
It was solely the product of bluntly wielded military power
upływać (o czasie), mijac, przemijac
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to elapse
This time had elapsed.
spór, sprzeczka, opinia, twierdzenie, współzawodnictwo
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contentation
Imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentations in a world of failing grandeur.
zaraza, plaga, epidemia
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pestilence
Instead, think about the pestilence and death which we all share.
anulować, unieważnić
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rescind
This measure was temporarily rescinded.
nadużycie, danina, narzucony ciężar
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imposition
Marcus Aurelius did not have the funds required for the soldiers and he did not wish to inflict new impositions on the provincials of Senate.
pociecha, ukojenie
na "s"
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solace
Christians could expect solace.
zły los, niedola, tarapaty
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adversity
The concepts of duty in response to extreme adversity.
zawiazać ponownie, zrekonstruować
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reconsitute
Rome had lost entire armies in previous battles, but it always had the manpower to quickly restore its losses and reconstitute its fighting forces.
stykający sie ze soba, graniczący
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contiguous
The German nations do not have cities, they do not even tolerate closely contiguous dwellings.
zarażenie, rozprzestrzenianie sie choroby
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contagion
A doctor named Porphyrio advised that the little girl should bathe frequently to restore her health and wash away the contagion.
obłożnie chory, przykuty do łózka
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bedridden
First several of my servants grew sick in succession and the youngest to the oldest became bedridden.
podatny
Jestem dosyć podatna na ugryzienia komarów. Wydaje się, że uwielbiają smak mojej krwi.
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susceptible
I'm quite vulnerable to getting mosquito bites. They seem to love the taste of my blood.
nieuleczalny
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incurable
ulegać, poddawać sie czemuś
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to succumb
But the invasion never occurred as there was a series of violent uprisings in Mesopotamia and Trajan succumbed to a terminal illness in AD 117.
nieurodzajny, jałowy
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infertile
Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
nadwątlony, popsuty, upośledzony
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impaired
Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
krosty, wysypka, wągrzyca
na "M"
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measles
The epidemic was either an ancestral strain of smallpox or measles.
wycienczać, osłabiać
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debilitate
In the space of a year, the Han military lost a third of its operational army, with many more soldiers debilitated by the disease.
zajadły, złośliwy, jadowity
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virulent
In AD 160, a virulent new disease was released into the ancient world trade routes.
niezgodny z prawdą, fałszywy
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fraudulent
He suggested that the delegates were fraudulent.
przylądek, cypel
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promontory
He speculated that "the encircling land connects to Rhaptum promontory".
kasza jaglana, proso
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millet
ustalać, swierdzać, upewniać się
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ascertian
But nothing certain could be ascertained about their size.
duszny, ściśnięty, ograniczony
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confined
The 900 mile-long Malay Peninsula was the barrier that confined Roman trade voyages to the Indian Ocean.
sztukmistrz, iluzjonista
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conjurer
The embassy gave the Chinese Emperor diplomatic gifts that included exotic musicians and skilled conjurors.
nazbierać, gromadzić
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to amass
But this process was interrupted when the old coins were offered wholesale to Roman traders amassing gold bullion for eastern export.
kość do gry
Kości zostaly rzucone
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die
The die is cast.
fałszerstwo, oszust
na "c"
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counterfeit
It was illegal to counterfeit Roman coins.
kamień szlachetny
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gem
meritum, zasługa, wartość, zasługiwać na
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merit
They suggested that the highly prosperous Anuradhapura Kindom had accountable rulers who were selected on merit by the Sinhalese nobility.
członek świty, służący
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retainer
They travelled with a large group of retainers and brought precious stones and pearls as diplomatic gifts.
wyzwalać niewolnika
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to manumit
Ploclamus had followed the widespread Roman practice of manumitting trusted slaves and making them his business associates.
szybować, ślizgać sie, sunąć
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to glide
The shallow-hulled ships of the Tamils were able to glide over the Palk reefs to reach ports on the east coast of India.
powiernik oparty na zaufaniu
prawny termin
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fiduciary
The denarius was so debased that it had only a fiduciary value.
wyrażać, wyświadczać, czynić, oddawać
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to render
Therefore render to Ceasar the things that are Ceasar's, and to God the things that are God's
obliczanie, wynik
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computation
He reports, 'be the smallest computation, India, the Seres and the Arabian Peninsula take 100 million sesterces from our Empire every year'
skarby, kolekcja, zbiory
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hoard
Roman coin hoards.
opatrzyć wcześniejsza data, poprzedzić, mieć miejsce wcześniej
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to predate
Pliny's warning that Indio-Roman trade was draining bullion from the Empire, therefore, predates this volcanic disaster.
sok roślinny, żywica, wycisnąć sok, podkopać, wyczerpać
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sap
The Tamils did not cultivate grape vines but drank an alcoholic beverage known as 'toddy' produced from the fermented sap and fruit of palm trees.
przerażony, zaniepokojony
na "d"
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dismayed
Martial was dismayed by the cost of buying the necessary ingredients.
ścierwo, padlina, tusza
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carcass
He thought he could impress his guests by having the carcass stuffed with rich pepper.
spiżarnia
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larder
Persius writes about prominent Romands, whose larders were overstocked with these gifts.
groszek
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peas
do przyjęcia/przełknięcia, smakowity, smaczny
na "p"
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palatable
foods palatable for a longer period
psująy się, nietrwały,
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perishable
Peppers was added in small amounts to many ROman meals to enhance flavour and make perishable food.
mikstura, uknucię spisku
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concoction
Pepper was also used in medical concoctions.
oszczędnie, skromnie, pobłażliwie, litościwie
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sparingly
but used sparingly this quantity of spice
ostry smak, ciepkość, pikanteria
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pungency
The berry of the pepper-plant is desirable only because of its pungency.
brud, plugastwo, rynsztokowy język
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filth
covered in filth from the streets
udo
Chyba naciągnąłem mięsień w udzie, gdy robiłem przysiady.
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thigh
I think I pulled a muscle in my thigh when I was doing squats.
konkubina, dama serca, kochanka
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mistress
najważniejszy, główny, o kapitalnym znaczeniu
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paramount
A pound of the best grade frankincense could be sold in Roman market for 10 denarii, so security was paramount at the facility.
oszpecenie
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disfigurement
The weight of heavy pearl jewellery sometimes caused disfigurement.
małżowina uszna
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earlobe
I see pearls, not single ones designed for each ear, but clusters of them on earlobes.
różaniec
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beads
valuable pearl beads
pieszczota, pieścić
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caress
She caresses these objects, covers them with kisses.
odradzać komuś coś, odwieść
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to dissuade
I could not dissuade her from leaving.
wydłużony, pociągły
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elongated
The greatest praise was awarded to pearls that had the faint translucence of alum crystals and pearls elongated into tear-shape.
pomyślny, obiecujący
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auspicious
They symbolise auspicious achievements.
skazaniec
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convict
The frankincense is handled by royal slaves and convicts.
główny, czołowy, naczelny
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foremost
It used to be sold at a high price to the foremost Romans.
zmarły, nieboszczyk
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deceased
a deceased child
być przywiązanym do, wysoko cenić, kochać, umiłować
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to cherish
Beryl rings were cherished items.
rzemieślnik
taki który pracuje nad bardziej artystycznimy rzeczami niz tasmowo produkowanymi
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artisan
znaczyć, wyrażać, dawać do zrozumienia
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to signify
this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
wieszcz, jasnowidz
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seer
Traditionally, these areas would be the domain of the ‘witch doctor’ or seer, wizard, shaman, wise man/woman, whatever they may be called.
gmach, budowla
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edifice
The monks established communities in the valleys and hired stoneworkers to carve their religious edifices into the hill-side rock-face.
odbierać, wystąpić o zwrot
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to reclaim
The Satavahana were able to reclaim their former west coast territories.
wywrócic do góry dnem
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to capsize
Smaller vessels would capsize.
usunać kogoś ze stanowiska, zerwać, przemieścić
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to dislodge
The returning tidal surge could dislodge restraining anchors.
odpływ, cofać sie
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ebb
There are many rivers with extreme ebb and flood tides that occur during the new and full moon.
nierozcieńczony, szczery, czysty
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undiluted
undiluted wine
personel, obsługa, asystent
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attendant
Indian kings received Roman slaves who served as royal attendants.
maść, smarowidło
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unguent
The Ladies in Waiting, having applied the unguent, retired to the dressing chamber.
wydzielina, śluz
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mucus
Excess mucus occurs only in some pathological conditions, and makes its presence known in the stools.
nabijany ćwiekami, wysadzany
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studded
richly studded with gems
szmaragd
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emerald
czara
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goblet
harry potter and the goblet of fire
regulujacy wydatki, normujacy zachowania
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sumptuary
Roman sumptuary laws
przestudiować, przeczytać dokładnie
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to peruse
Martial describes how a man named Mamurra perused the market stalls.
opieczętowanie
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sealing
sealing wax
kawałęk, łuska, skorupa
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shard
She gave him her hand, and he looked down at the small cut that had protruding from it a tiny shard of glass.
płonący, w płomieniach
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ablaze
You like to have your hands ablaze with gems.
przetarty; wyświechtany, oklepany
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threadbare
Unfortunately, the Cole royal commission may also end up the perfect mechanism for destroying the already threadbare authority of royal commissions.
zauroczenie, zaślepienie
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infatuation
for the sake of infatuation
oszołomienie, zakłopotanie
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bewilderment
His request was granted by the Emperor and Dio indicates the bewilderment of the Greek crowds whi gathered for this occasion.
wyląg, stado, plemie, pomiot
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brood
a brood of colourful Indian snakes and a giant python
bażant
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pheasant
an exotic pheasant
wierność, posłuszeństwo
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allegiance
He held the allegiance of 600 minor sovereigns in northern India
pogłoski
na "h"
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hearsay
Suetonius explains that these Indo-Scythian ambassadors were from nations previously known to us only through hearsay.
na mieliźnie
Gdy tylko zdasz sobie sprawę, że jesteś na mieliźnie, zatrzymaj się, ustawiając silnik na biegu wstecznym, jeśli jest to bezpieczne.
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aground
As soon as you realise you are aground, stop by putting the engine into reverse if it is safe to do so.
soból, kary, czarny
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sable
Silk route traffic reached the Indus, so Barbaricon offered silk and exotic animal furs, including mink and sable from the Asian steppe.
norka, futro z norek
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mink
wnętrzności, trzewia
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entrails
Burning a small quantity of costly incense became a more attractive alternative to killing an animal and burning its entrails.
żmija
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viper
interpretacja, odtworzenie, przekład
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interpretation, reproduction, translation
A concert rendition enables more concentration on the words without the distraction of stage action.
kamień nazębny, osad
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tartar
When disintegrated by heat and ground-down it produced an abrasive calcined residue used to clean stained teeth and remove tartar.
żądlący, skąpy
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stingy
You can stop being so stingy before the gods.
poprawiać, korygować
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rectify
Roman regime was not able to rectify this trade imbalance.
zamglony, mglisty, zaparowany, spowity mgłą
na "M"
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misty
Arabia was swept by misty monsoon clouds.
tępy, przytępiny, zaokrąglony na końcu, rozwarty (kąt)
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obtuse
People are less obtuse and inhospitable.
życzliwość, uczynność, danina
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benevolence
He really seemed somehow or others to fancy that his wife had piety and benevolence enough for two.
bubel, tandeta
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shoddy
my cargo was shoddy.
linia brzegowa, nadmorski, wybrzeże
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seaboard
The northern seaboard of Somalia
bysty, przebiegły sprytny
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astute
In re-inventing Manchester for the new millennium, the city council has proved very astute.
przeznaczony, przewidziany na
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destined
Most of the valuable goods sent into the region were destined for the king.
składować zapasy
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to stockpile
There were foreign traders residing long-term in the Aksumite Kindom including Roman subjects whi sourced and stockpiled Africa goods.
szkatułka, urna
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casket
an ivory casket
pojemnik, zbiornik
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receptacle
Then you can simply screw the duplex receptacle onto the electrical box with the screws provided.
pochować, pogrzebać
na "i"
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inter
Joseph, who is survived by his wife Ellen, three children, brothers and sister, will be interred in London.
bochenek
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loaf
A simple loaf can surely be served on something other than an ivory footed table.
różnobarwny, różnorodny
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variegated
The lung specimens from seven patients with IPF had a variegated appearance, with alternating zones of Obrosis and intervening patches of normal lung at low magnification.
półksieżyc
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crescent
crescents of tortoise-shell
opieszały, leniwy, gnuśny
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slothful
This is pretty good progress for you George, even accounting for your usual slothful approach to work.
leniwiec
Mógłby być atletą, ale zachowuje się jak leniwiec.
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sloth
He could be an athlete but he behaves like a couch potato.
zdobić, przystroić
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to adorn
We prefer to have some couches inlaid with ivory and others with tortoiseshell and in a similar manner, we adorn our speech.
fornirować, oklejać, tuszować
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to veneer
Whilst others try to veneer or pepper their works with Californian melodies, The Forest are purists and for that, much more original than their peers.
donieść na, otwarcie oskarżyć, potepiać
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to denounce
Horace denounced "vain riches".
wonny, aromatyczny
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fragrant
Nero used fragrant oils to deodorise his feet.
kamieniołom
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quarry
The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
prostopadły
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perpendicular
The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
równoważyć, kompensować, początek
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offset
the rewards offset risk.
przewóz, transport, opłata za przewóz
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haulage
In the ancient world, the long-distance transport of goods by sea was generally faster and more convenient than land haulage.
satyra, pamflet paszkwil
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lampoon
Petronius lampoons the lavish lifestyle of successful Roman businessmen.
objuczony, obładowany,
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laden
a heavily laden camel
wspaniały, znamienity
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illustrious
a most illustrious man
latarnia, lampion
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lantern
Ships carried bright lanterns on the stern.
ster pionowy
Ten co jest pod wodą a nie kolo
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rudder
Helmsman could pivot the rudders.
budowniczy statków
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shipwright
wyżej wymieniony
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aforementioned
You may seize and control the aforementioned security.
obserwacja, obserwator, punkt obserwacyjny
na "l"
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lookout
The list includes guards, sailors, craftsmen shipbuilders' servants, helmsmen and ships' lookouts.
sternik
Jest niewielka szansa, że sternik złapie chorobę morską.
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helmsman
The helmsman is not very likely to get seasick.
wygórowany, niebotyczny, zdzierczy
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extortionate
The Egyptian economy had been exhausted by extortionate taxes.
przebaczyć, darować, przelewać
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to remit
Augustus went even further and remitted the tributes that he had imposed.
bezczelny, zuchwały, tupeciarski
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insolent
By Roman standards, these displays were judged to be insolent.
głaz, skała
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boulder
the large boulders found on its shores
przerwa wakacyjna, wneka, przerwa w obradach parlamentu
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recess
Parliament is recess until Thursday
sznur, przywiazywac sznurem
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cord
Instead, they are bound together with a type of cording.
upominać, karcić
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to rebuke
Antigonus rebuked him for not taking more aggressive action against the Nabataeans.
dzicz, puszcza, odludzie
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wilderness
Greek strategists reported that the Arabs "possessed the wilderness as their inaccessible refuge"
przekazywać, transportować
na "c"
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to convey
Consequently, the trafficking of incense generated wealth for those who conveyed the substance from the producer to the consumer.
mediator, faza pośrednia
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intermediary
We used an intermediary system to talk between various devices
oklaskiwać, darzyć uznaniem, pochwalić
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to acclaim
If so, then modern society will be able to experience an archaic essence acclaimed for its soothing medical benefits.
kadź
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vat
They have found the remains of workshops with soaking pools, holding vats and heavy cylindrical stones used to pound the essence from offcut branches.
rozegrane bitwy
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pitched battles
But the Romans protected the groves and there were pitched battles fought in defence of a shrub.
zagajnik, lasek, kepa drzew
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grove
In this unique environment, balsam thrived in specially managed artificial groves.
nozdrze
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nostril
The scent of various perfumes offered so that even the nostrils are not idle.
nieprzejrzysty, ciemny, niejasny
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opaque
It was better to store them in opaque containers.
żreć, pożerać, wąwóz
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gorge
Roman matrons who gorged themselves on exotic foods.
wrzód
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an ulcer
Skin ulcers were also treated with special pastes.
maść, balsam
na "s"
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salve
Salves were prepared using resins.
umorusany
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grimy
In Hong Kong, the management suite moved from the tony Central district to a grimy industrial estate.
namaszczać
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anoint
Soldiers ceremonially anointed their regimental battle-standards with special libations to invoke divine approval and protection in battle.
przeciwbólowy
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analgesic
Myrrh in particular had proven analgesic properties.
aromatyczny, wonny
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redolent
Why weren't my flames redolent of nard?
zapach, aromat, perfumy, woń
na "f"
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fragrance
If you decrease your property, your heir will put your ashes into the un without any fragrance.
przymierze
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covenant
Ark of the Covenant
wgłebienie, jama, ubytek tkanki zeba
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cavity
It consisted of filling the empty space of cavities with hydrogen atoms and drawing the surface contour of the H atoms.
jelitowy
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intestinal
The intestinal cavity of a slaughtered ox would be filled with bread.
jelita
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intestines
It is also effective for hemorrhage of the lungs, stomach and intestines or topically for wound healing.
balsamowanie zwłok
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embalming
Egyptian papyri texts depict servants carrying pots of incense to embalming ceremonies.
krwotok
Ciężki krwotok na morzu jest trudnym problemem.
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haemorrhage
Severe hemorrhage at sea is a challenging problem.
jałowy, suchy, nieinteresujacy
na "a"
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arid
Comiphora trees favour more arid conditions.
oczarowanie, zaczarowanie
na "b"
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bewitchment
Your businessmen are the most powerful in the entire earth and with your bewitchments, you have deceived all the nations.
zszywka, klarmra, podstawowy, główny
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staple
their basic staple foods
zarządzać, nadawać moc prawna,
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enact
And at the same time, several German states have already enacted the proposed French style bans on student attire
ściegno, siła
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sinew
Money is the sinews of war.
wywołać, powodować
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engender
By minimalizing its civilian bureaucracy, the Empire also reduced the potential for the corruption and tax abused that these organisations could engender.
działalność wywrotowa, rokosz, bunt
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sedition
They will always be a source of sedition and civil wars.
oczerniać, umniejszać wartość
na "d"
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denigrate
He was ashamed to seem as denigrating the glory of Claudius.
szkodliwy, krzywdzący, ujemny
na "d"
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detrimental
The Romans lose money on some of their subject nations, but they are ashamed to set them aside, even though they are detrimental.
podporządkowanie sie, uleganie, spelnienie, zgodnosc
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compliance
A small token amount of surplus wealth was forwarded to Rome as a symbolic act of compliance.
gromadzic, zbierac, zwolac powolywac przed sad
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convene
Octavian, therefore, convened a conference with his closest advisors to debate the future of the Roman State.
odszkodowanie, kompensata
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indemnity
As Rome expanded, it raised revenue by imposing war indemnities on the defeated foreign powers.
małzonek (wladcy), towarzysz, wspołpracownik, zespól wykonywujacy muzyke dawna
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consort
Egyptian Queen Cleopatra and her consort Mark Antony
tym samym, przez to, skutkiem tego
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thereby
The amount of work that can be is thereby increased.
przykazanie, regula/ nauka moralna, zasada, nakaz
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precept
It focuses on ancient evidence without the influence of modern precepts, ideology, or theory-based economy models.
wydatki, naklady, rozchod
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expenditure
The rationibus kept income accounts and had to track expenditure.
nadmierny, zbyteczny
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superfluous
Pliny was critical of all expensive perfumes, arguing that 'They are the most superfluous of all forms of luxury'
smród, fetor, posmak
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stench
Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
haniebny, oburzajacy
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ignominious
Cornelius Gallus suffered an ignominious death at his own hands.
kopcić, dymić, śmierdzieć
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to reek
reeking of food waste
nieelastyczny, niepodatny, nieugiety, sztywny, ścisły
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rigid
The dear deceased who is thicky-coated with perfumed balm is placed on a tall bier with his rigid heels extending towards the door.
latarnia morska, znak drogowy, oswietlac, nadawać sygnal
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beacon
There was a citadel at the summit of the cliff containing a temple structure that probably operated as a beacon for incoming ships.
zastawa stołowa
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tableware
Indian pottery has been found at Myos Hormos including fragments of fine tableware and ordinary cooking pots.
przygnebiajacy, ponury, smetny
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bleak
But he was stuck, following her eyes as the smile left her face and she looked into the distance with a bleak expression.
zweglony, nadpalony
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charred
The charred remains of human bone and ivory fragments were interred in the same receptacle for burial.
zapisywać w spadku
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bequeath
He bequeathed his personal library.
czcić, okazywac szacunek
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venerate
Upper-class Romans venerated their ancestors.
granice, kres, terytorium
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confines
On the return journey, the live elephants proved to be a difficult and dangerous cargo in the confines of a ship.
udobruchac, zalagodzic, uspokoic, przeblagac
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placate
Ovid describes how cornmeal and glittering grains od pure salt were once the means for men to placate the gods.
plodny, plenny, bujny
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prolific
Aelian confirms that our authorities report that India is rich in pants and remarkably prolific in the medician substances.
srodowisko, otoczenie, osoby towarzyszace, swita, orszak
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entourage
Pan was part of the entourage of the Greek god Dionysus.
katastrofa, plaga, nieszczescie, kleska, niedola
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calamity
This calamity was to be witnessed by foreign kings.

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