reading & writing: fill in the blanks 250 - 500

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cathedrals
The city is known for its magnificent cathedrals.
with which the bishop is officially associated
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the principal church of a diocese
plummet
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fall or drop straight down at high speed
Stock prices plummeted after the announcement.
stroll
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walk in a leisurely way
They took a stroll along the beach.
impractical
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not adapted for use or action; not sensible or realistic
The plan was impractical and too expensive.
dwindling
amount
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gradually diminishing in size
The dwindling resources caused concern.
or strength
coquettish
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behaving in such a way as to suggest a playful sexual attraction; flirtatious
She gave him a coquettish smile.
conservancy
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an organization concerned with the preservation of natural resources
The land was protected by a nature conservancy.
cohort
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a group of people with a shared characteristic
The study examined a cohort of students.
expend
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spend or use up (a resource such as money or energy)
They expended a lot of effort on the project.
treatise
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a written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject
He wrote a treatise on economics.
rage
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violent uncontrollable anger
He was filled with rage.
stellar
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exceptionally good; outstanding
She gave a stellar performance.
conduit
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a channel for conveying water or other fluid; a tube or trough for protecting electric wiring
The river served as a conduit for trade.
entrepreneurs
The city attracts many young entrepreneurs.
taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so
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a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses
reams
He wrote reams of notes.
especially paper
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a large quantity of something
horrific
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causing or showing great horror
The accident was horrific.
tranquility
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the quality or state of being tranquil; calm
They enjoyed the tranquility of the countryside.
deterrence
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the action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences
Nuclear weapons serve as a deterrence.
venom
spiders
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a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes
The snake's venom is deadly.
and scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging
willow
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a tree or shrub of temperate climates that typically has narrow leaves and bears catkins
They sat under a willow tree.
recouping
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regain (something lost or expended)
The company is recouping its losses.
mosaic
or glass
such as stone
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a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material
tile
analyse
especially information)
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examine methodically and in detail the constitution or structure of (something
They analyzed the data.
typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation
discipline
The school has strict discipline.
using punishment to correct disobedience
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the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior
concise
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giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive
He gave a concise summary.
cope
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deal effectively with something difficult
She learned to cope with stress.
detrimental
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tending to cause harm
Smoking is detrimental to your health.
engage
attract
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occupy
The speaker engaged the audience.
or involve (someone's interest or attention)
critical
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expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments
He was critical of the government.
adapt
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become adjusted to new conditions
Animals adapt to their environment.
concerns
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worry or anxiety
They expressed concerns about the plan.
consistent
His work is always consistent.
especially so as to be fair or accurate
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acting or done in the same way over time
discourse
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written or spoken communication or debate
The conference featured a discourse on climate change.
dynamic
activity
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characterized by constant change
The city has a dynamic economy.
or progress
community
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a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
The local community supported the project.
vital
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absolutely necessary or important; essential
Water is vital for survival.
strength
He demonstrated great strength.
in particular
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the quality or state of being strong
context
and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed
statement
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the circumstances that form the setting for an event
or idea
daunting
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seeming difficult to deal with in anticipation; intimidating
The task seemed daunting.
devoted
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giving one's time or resources to something
She is devoted to her family.
interaction
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reciprocal action or influence
There was little interaction between them.
comprehensive
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complete and including everything that is necessary
The report was comprehensive.
collaborative
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involving or done by two or more people or organizations working together
It was a collaborative effort.
catastrophic
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involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering
The earthquake was catastrophic.
decade
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a period of ten years
The last decade has seen many changes.
accuracy
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the quality or state of being correct or precise
The accuracy of the data was questioned.
active
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engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits
He leads an active lifestyle.
influx
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an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things
The city saw an influx of tourists.
evaporation
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the process of turning from liquid into vapor
Evaporation cools the skin.
compare
measure
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estimate
Compare the two reports.
or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
distortion
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the action of distorting or the state of being distorted
The photograph showed a distortion of reality.
vary
or nature from something else of the same general class
amount
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differ in size
degree
anxiety
nervousness
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a feeling of worry
She felt anxiety before the exam.
or unease about something with an uncertain outcome
einstein
Einstein's theories revolutionized physics.
a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity
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Albert Einstein
emerges
important
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become apparent
New ideas emerge from research.
or prominent
contain
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have or hold (something) within
The box contains books.
triumph
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a great victory or achievement
The team's triumph was celebrated.
allure
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the quality of being powerfully and mysteriously attractive or fascinating
The allure of the city drew her in.
core
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the central or most important part of something
The core of the problem is funding.
equitable
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fair and impartial
They sought an equitable solution.
conviction
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a firmly held belief or opinion
He had a strong conviction about justice.
unravel
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investigate and solve or explain (something complicated or puzzling)
They tried to unravel the mystery.
coastal
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relating to or situated on a coast
Coastal towns are vulnerable to storms.
wisdom
knowledge
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the quality of having experience
She spoke with wisdom.
and good judgment; the quality of being wise
vivid
He had a vivid memory of the event.
clear images in the mind
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producing powerful feelings or strong
consumers
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a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
Consumers are demanding better products.
advent
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the arrival of something
The advent of technology changed society.
compelling
attention
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evoking interest
The evidence was compelling.
or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way
theories
Scientists develop theories to explain phenomena.
especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained
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a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something
analysis
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detailed examination of the elements or structure of something
The analysis of the data revealed trends.
capacity
000.
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the maximum amount that something can contain
The stadium has a capacity of 50
pursue
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follow or chase (someone or something) persistently
She decided to pursue her dreams.
curious
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eager to know or learn something
Children are naturally curious.
disproportionate
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too large or too small in comparison with something else
The punishment was disproportionate to the crime.
coveted
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greatly desired or envied
The award was highly coveted.
rigorous
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extremely thorough and careful
They conducted a rigorous investigation.
induce
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succeed in persuading or leading (someone) to do something
The advertisement tried to induce people to buy the product.
instinct
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an innate (typically fixed) pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli
Animals have a survival instinct.
destruction
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the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
The fire caused widespread destruction.
hatch
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emerge from an egg
The birds hatch in the spring.
strain
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force (a part of one's body or oneself) to make a strenuous or unusually great effort
He strained his back lifting the box.
existed
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have being; have objective reality or being
Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.
conference
She attended a scientific conference.
typically one held regularly
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a formal meeting of people with a shared interest
acquire
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buy or obtain (an asset or object) for oneself
She acquired new skills.
explosive
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able or likely to cause an explosion
The situation was explosive.
prominent
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important; famous
He is a prominent figure in the community.
abundant
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existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
There is an abundant supply of water.
enormous
quantity
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very large in size
The building is enormous.
or extent
cutlery
forks
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knives
They set the table with cutlery.
and spoons used for eating or serving food
contaminating
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make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance
Pollution is contaminating the water.
disability
senses
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a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements
He has a physical disability.
or activities
cholesterol
High cholesterol can lead to health problems.
including the blood and the nerves. High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood are thought to promote coronary heart disease
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a compound of sterol type found in most body tissues
exploit
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make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
They exploited the natural resources.
bursaries
She received a bursary to attend university.
awarded on the basis of academic or other achievement
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a grant or payment made to support a student's education
pollen
to which pollen is transported by the wind
typically yellow
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a fine powdery substance
insects
consisting of microscopic grains discharged from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. Each grain contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule
essentially
they agreed on the plan.
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basically; fundamentally
Essentially
element
Honesty is an essential element of trust.
especially one that is essential or characteristic
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a part or aspect of something
scarce
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insufficient for the demand
Water is scarce in the desert.
tectonic
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relating to the structure of the earth's crust and its large-scale movements
Tectonic plates cause earthquakes.
exaggeration
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a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is
His story was full of exaggeration.
anchor
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moor (a vessel) to the sea bottom
The ship dropped anchor.
diverged
especially a main one
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separate from another route
The paths diverged in the forest.
and go in a different direction
downsized
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reduce in size
The company downsized its workforce.
plausible
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seeming reasonable or probable
His explanation was plausible.
elite
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a select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society
The elite athletes competed.
imminent
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about to happen
Danger is imminent.
enterprise
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a business or company
He started his own enterprise.
champion
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a person who has surpassed all rivals in a sporting contest or other competition
He is the champion of the tournament.
democracy
Democracy values freedom of speech.
typically through elected representatives
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a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state
castle
and often a moat
battlements
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a large building or group of buildings fortified against attack with thick walls
towers
nuisance
thing
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a person
The noise was a nuisance.
or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance
truant
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a student who stays away from school without leave or explanation
He was truant from school.
console
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comfort (someone) at a time of grief or disappointment
She tried to console her friend.
borrow
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take and use (something belonging to someone else) with the intention of returning it
Can I borrow your pen?
dominated
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have power and influence over
The team dominated the game.
alley
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a narrow passageway between or behind buildings
They walked down the alley.
epidemics
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a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Epidemics can spread quickly.
dowdy
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unfashionable and without style in appearance (typically used of a woman or her clothes)
She wore dowdy clothes.
crude
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in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined
Crude oil is processed into gasoline.
splurged
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spend money freely or extravagantly
They splurged on a vacation.
rivals
The two companies are rivals.
or in the same field
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a person or thing competing with another for the same objective
feather
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any one of the light growths that make up the plumage of a bird
The bird had colorful feathers.
culturomics
newspapers
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the quantitative analysis of cultural trends using digital records such as digitized books
Culturomics studies cultural trends.
and other texts
extraneous
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irrelevant or unrelated to the subject being dealt with
Extraneous details were removed.
disarming
His disarming smile put her at ease.
especially through charm
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having the effect of allaying suspicion or hostility
facetious
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treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor; flippant
His facetious remarks were inappropriate.
elicited
answer
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evoke or draw out (a response
Her question elicited a response.
or fact) from someone in reaction to one's own actions or questions
gaps
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a break or hole in an object or between two objects
There were gaps in the fence.
encroachment
rights
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intrusion on a person's territory
The encroachment of the city threatened the wildlife.
etc.
exclude
group
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deny (someone) access to or bar (someone) from a place
They excluded him from the meeting.
or privilege
rotunda
The building had a grand rotunda.
especially one with a dome
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a round building or room
affection
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a gentle feeling of fondness or liking
She had a deep affection for her family.
unadorned
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not decorated; plain
The room was unadorned.
delegate
She was a delegate at the conference.
in particular an elected representative sent to a conference
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a person sent or authorized to represent others
plight
difficult
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a dangerous
The plight of the refugees was dire.
or otherwise unfortunate situation
dispersal
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the action or process of distributing or spreading things or people over a wide area
The dispersal of seeds is essential for plant growth.
curator
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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection
The museum curator organized the exhibition.
beaver
with a broad flat tail
primarily nocturnal
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a large
semiaquatic rodent that builds dams
torn
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pull or rip (something) apart or to pieces with force
The flag was torn by the wind.
adjacent
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next to or adjoining something else
The park is adjacent to the school.
salvage
shipwreck
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rescue (goods or property) from a fire
They tried to salvage the ship.
etc.
conceived
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form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind
He conceived the idea for the project.
accused
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a person or group of people who are charged with or on trial for a crime
The accused stood trial.
jury
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a body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court
The jury deliberated the case.
constructive
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serving a useful purpose; tending to build up
They offered constructive criticism.
beyond
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at or to the further side of
The mountains lie beyond the valley.
consequences
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a result or effect of an action or condition
Consider the consequences of your actions.
account
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a report or description of an event or experience
He gave an account of the accident.
guilt
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the fact of having committed a specified or implied offense or crime
He felt guilt for his mistake.
gentle
kind
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having or showing a mild
She has a gentle nature. correlation
or tender temperament or character
academic
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relating to education and scholarship
She has a strong academic background.
genres
style
as in music or literature
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a category of artistic composition
or subject matter
characterized by similarities in form
equipment
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the necessary items for a particular purpose
The team used specialized equipment.
credibility
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the quality of being trusted and believed in
The witness's credibility was questioned.
according
it will rain.
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as stated by or in
According to the report
decline
fewer
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become smaller
The population is in decline.
or less; decrease
communicate
news
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share or exchange information
They communicate regularly.
or ideas
garnered
The project garnered support.
especially information or approval)
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gather or collect (something
course
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a series of lectures or lessons about a particular subject
She took a course in history.
despite
they went for a walk.
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in spite of; notwithstanding
Despite the rain
elusive
catch
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difficult to find
Success can be elusive.
or achieve
indicate
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point out; show
The signs indicate a storm is coming.
cited
especially in a scholarly work
book
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quote (a passage
or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement
critics
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a person who expresses an unfavorable opinion of something
Critics reviewed the film.
confidence
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the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something
She spoke with confidence.
ethical
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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these
The company has ethical guidelines.
bias
usually in a way considered to be unfair
person
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prejudice in favor of or against one thing
or group compared with another
sculpture
The museum displayed ancient sculptures.
especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster
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the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms
eventually
Eventually
especially after a long delay or series of problems
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in the end
they reached their destination.
encompasses
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include comprehensively (something)
The program encompasses various activities.
culinary
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of or relating to cooking or kitchens
She has culinary skills.
contract
or tenancy
especially one concerning employment
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a written or spoken agreement
that is intended to be enforceable by law
sales
spike
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a sharp rise in the magnitude or concentration of something
There was a spike in sales.
prior
order
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existing or coming before in time
He had prior experience.
or importance
complexity
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the state or quality of being intricate or complicated
The complexity of the system made it hard to understand.
notable
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worthy of attention or notice; remarkable
He is a notable author.
surge
There was a surge of excitement.
especially by a crowd or a natural force such as the waves or tide
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a sudden powerful forward or upward movement
desirable
useful
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wished for as being attractive
The job offer was desirable.
or necessary
cattle
The farmer raised cattle.
domesticated for meat or milk; cows and bulls
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large ruminant animals with horns and cloven hoofs
emphasis
value
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special importance
The emphasis was on safety.
or prominence given to a particular thing
bravery
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courageous behavior or character
His bravery was admired.
integral
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necessary to make a whole; essential or fundamental
The team is an integral part of the company.
succumbed
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give way to superior force; yield
He succumbed to the pressure.
internship
sometimes without pay
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the position of a student or trainee who works in an organization
She completed an internship at the hospital.
in order to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a qualification
boon
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a thing that is helpful or beneficial
The new road was a boon to the town.
literature
She studied English literature.
especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit
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written works
criticism
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the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes
He received criticism for his work.
define
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give the meaning of (a word or phrase)
Define the term 'photosynthesis'.
scrutiny
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critical observation or examination
The plan came under close scrutiny.
crust
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the tough outer part of bread
The pizza had a crispy crust.
dealt
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distribute (cards) in an orderly rotation to players for a game or round
She dealt the cards.
cacophony
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a harsh discordant mixture of sounds
There was a cacophony of noises.
invisible
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unable to be seen; not visible
The air is invisible.
director
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a person in charge of an activity or unit in an organization
The film director gave instructions.
thesis
She wrote a thesis on climate change.
written by a candidate for a university degree
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a long essay or dissertation involving personal research
sequence
movements
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a particular order in which related events
The events happened in sequence.
or things follow each other
canal
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an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to irrigate land
The canal was used for transportation.
chunk
He ate a chunk of cheese.
solid piece of something
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a thick
hypothesis
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a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
They tested the hypothesis.
delegates
The delegates discussed the issue.
in particular an elected representative sent to a conference
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a person sent or authorized to represent others
compulsory
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required by law or rules; obligatory
Education is compulsory for children.
entrance
or access point
such as a door
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an opening
that allows entry to a place
gate
decisive
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settling an issue; producing a definite result
He made a decisive move.
cumbersome
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large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; slow or complicated and therefore inefficient
The equipment was cumbersome.
relic
The museum displayed ancient relics.
especially one of historical or sentimental interest
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an object surviving from an earlier time
transit
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the carrying of people or goods or the state of being carried from one place to another
The goods were in transit.
acquisition
The museum made a new acquisition.
typically by a library or museum
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an asset or object bought or obtained
resented
action
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feel bitterness or indignation at (a circumstance
She resented his comments.
or person)
truants
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a student who stays away from school without leave or explanation
The teachers dealt with the truants.
supreme
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highest in authority or rank
The supreme court made the ruling.
upright
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vertical; erect
She sat upright.
comfortable
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providing or giving physical ease and relaxation
The chair was comfortable.
verse
The poem was written in verse.
typically having a rhyme
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writing arranged with a metrical rhythm
rehabilitate
addiction
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restore (someone) to health or normal life by training and therapy after imprisonment
They worked to rehabilitate the patients.
or illness
clusters
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a group of things of the same kind that occur close together
There were clusters of stars in the sky.
beaks
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a bird's horny projecting jaws; a bill
The birds had sharp beaks.
treadmill
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a device used for walking or running while staying in one place
He ran on the treadmill.
persuade
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induce (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument
They tried to persuade him to join.
imitate
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follow or copy (a person or their style or manner)
Children imitate their parents.
albeit
albeit happy.
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though
He was tired
speculate
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form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence
They speculated about the future.
buzz
continuous humming or murmuring sound
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a low
The bees made a buzz.
made by or similar to that made by an insect
beast
The lion is a beast.
especially a large or dangerous four-footed one
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an animal
stake
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a strong post driven into the ground
They drove a stake into the ground.
tendency
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an inclination or predisposition toward a particular characteristic or type of behavior
He has a tendency to procrastinate.
criticisms
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the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes
They addressed the criticisms.
preliminary
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denoting an action or event preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or more important
They conducted preliminary tests.
eccentric
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unconventional and slightly strange
He was an eccentric character.
verdict
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a decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case or an inquest
The jury delivered the verdict.
drill
He used a drill to make a hole.
used for making holes
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a tool or machine with a rotating cutting tip or reciprocating hammer or chisel
dissipated
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disperse or scatter
The fog dissipated.
adamant
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refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind
She was adamant about her decision.
delegation
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a body of delegates or representatives; a group or team
The delegation arrived for the conference.
aisles
an aircraft
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a passage between rows of seats in a building such as a church or theater
They walked down the aisles.
or train
cosmology
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the science of the origin and development of the universe
Cosmology studies the universe.
denouement
the study of statistics such as births
film
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the final part of a play
deaths
demography
absolute
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not qualified or diminished in any way; total
He has absolute power.
destroyed
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end the existence of (something) by damaging or attacking it
The fire destroyed the building.
hunting
sport
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the activity of pursuing and killing wild animals or game for food
They went hunting in the forest.
or profit
nuances
expression
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a subtle difference in or shade of meaning
He understood the nuances of the language.
or sound
expressive
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effectively conveying thought or feeling
Her eyes were expressive.
death
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the action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person or organism
The death of her father was a sad event.
empirical
concerned with
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based on
The study used empirical data.
or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic
cognitive
reasoning
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relating to cognition; involving conscious intellectual activity (such as thinking
Cognitive development is essential for learning.
or remembering)
adverse
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preventing success or development; harmful; unfavorable
Adverse weather conditions delayed the flight.
domain
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an area of territory owned or controlled by a ruler or government
The national park is in the public domain.
accessible
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able to be reached or entered
The museum is accessible to everyone.
creativity
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the use of imagination or original ideas to create something; inventiveness
Creativity is essential for innovation.

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