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question		réponse
booklet commencer à apprendre		small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
novel commencer à apprendre		a long written story about imaginary or partly imaginary characters and events
forecast commencer à apprendre		a prediction of the future
broadcast commencer à apprendre		transmission
bulletin commencer à apprendre		a short news broadcast
coverage commencer à apprendre		news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers
edition commencer à apprendre		version, specific issue
mass media commencer à apprendre		Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
campaign commencer à apprendre		A series of actions intended to accomplish a goal
brochure commencer à apprendre		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
subliminal messages commencer à apprendre		Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviors
to negate commencer à apprendre		to deny
glued to commencer à apprendre		Giving all his attention to
sensationalize commencer à apprendre		to write or talk about an event in a way that makes it seem as exciting and shocking as possible
on average commencer à apprendre		not special or unusual; oridinary
increasingly commencer à apprendre		more and more
fiction commencer à apprendre		A story that is not true or is made up
illegible commencer à apprendre		difficult to read
gist commencer à apprendre		the main point/idea
unprintable commencer à apprendre		too offensive or shocking to be published
literature commencer à apprendre		written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
shorthand commencer à apprendre		a quick way of writing that uses symbols to represent letters, words, or phrases, used especially when you write what someone is saying as they are talking
illiterate commencer à apprendre		unable to read or write
prose commencer à apprendre		written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry
manuscript commencer à apprendre		the original copy of a book or article before it is printed
outline commencer à apprendre		the main shape or edge of something, without any details
reporting commencer à apprendre		articles in newspapers or on television about particular subjects
circulation commencer à apprendre		the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold every day, week, or month (nakład)
out of print commencer à apprendre		no longer available to buy because new copies are no longer being produced
correspondent commencer à apprendre		a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country
journalist commencer à apprendre		a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television
output commencer à apprendre		the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
publication commencer à apprendre		a published work
banning commencer à apprendre		the act of forbidding something
censorship commencer à apprendre		the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas
intended commencer à apprendre		planned or meant
target commencer à apprendre		a person who is the object of an intentional action
population commencer à apprendre		all the people living in a particular country, area, or place
public commencer à apprendre		community
calmly commencer à apprendre		in a quiet and peaceful manner
blankly commencer à apprendre		without expression or understanding
spoonful commencer à apprendre		as much as a spoon can hold
headlong commencer à apprendre		With great speed or force; reckless
terrifying commencer à apprendre		very frightening
controversial commencer à apprendre		causing disagreement or discussion
unacceptable commencer à apprendre		not acceptable
implication commencer à apprendre		an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
interpretation commencer à apprendre		an explanation or opinion of what something means
subconscious commencer à apprendre		not fully aware
encouragement commencer à apprendre		the act of giving hope or support to someone
lifeless commencer à apprendre		martwy, bez życia
lifelong commencer à apprendre		dożywotni, na całe życie
long-life commencer à apprendre		o przedłużonej trwałości
lowlife commencer à apprendre		podlec, zwyrodnialec
love life commencer à apprendre		życie miłosne
life lessons commencer à apprendre		lekcje życia
lust for life commencer à apprendre		chęć do życia
the love of my life commencer à apprendre		miłość mojego życia
loss of life commencer à apprendre		utrata życia, tu: ofiary w ludziach
a new lease of life commencer à apprendre		nowe życie
lifelong learning commencer à apprendre		nauka przez całe życie
live a life of luxury commencer à apprendre		wieść luksusowe życie
live life in the fast lane commencer à apprendre		wieść życie na pełne wrażeń (często też niebezpieczeństwa)
lay down my life commencer à apprendre		oddać swoje życie
larger than life commencer à apprendre		larger than life
leading a double life commencer à apprendre		prowadzić podwójne życie
when life gives you lemons, make lemonade commencer à apprendre		widzieć pozytywy w negatywnej sytuacji
shelf life commencer à apprendre		okres przydatności
after life commencer à apprendre		życie po śmierci
life force commencer à apprendre		siła życia
still life commencer à apprendre		martwa natura
real life commencer à apprendre		prawdziwe życie
full of life commencer à apprendre		pełen życia
obituaries commencer à apprendre		descriptions of the lives of people who have just died
leader/editorial commencer à apprendre		an article giving the newspaper editor's opinion
classified ads commencer à apprendre		pages of advertisements in different categories
supplements commencer à apprendre		separate magazines included with the newspaper
feature commencer à apprendre		an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
agony column commencer à apprendre		section in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems
agony aunt commencer à apprendre		person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column
pamphlet commencer à apprendre		a small book dealing with specific topic, often political
leaflet commencer à apprendre		single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something
brochure commencer à apprendre		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
prospectus commencer à apprendre		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company
flyer commencer à apprendre		single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc., often given out in the street
booklet commencer à apprendre		small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
manual commencer à apprendre		book of detailed instructions how to use something
book spine commencer à apprendre		The part of the book where all the pages are joined together (grzbiet książki)
book jacket commencer à apprendre		a removable paper cover, usually illustrated, for protecting the binding of a book and usually giving information about the book and the author
subscription commencer à apprendre		a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time
foreword commencer à apprendre		Before Chapter I, there is a brief foreword in which the author explains why he wrote the book.
magazine issue commencer à apprendre		edition, publication
binder commencer à apprendre		holder, folder (segregator)
edition commencer à apprendre		version, specific issue
quarterly commencer à apprendre		every three months
ghost writer commencer à apprendre		a person who writes for another without getting the credit
desktop publishing commencer à apprendre		published using a home computer to design it
facsimile commencer à apprendre		an exact copy
to list commencer à apprendre		To make a record of short pieces of information
expose commencer à apprendre		to put something out for others to see
draw attention to commencer à apprendre		to make someone notice something
to give the lowdown on commencer à apprendre		to present the most important informations about somehting
packed with commencer à apprendre		filled with/full of
small print commencer à apprendre		text in a formal agreement that is printed smaller than the rest of the text, sometimes in the hope that it will not be noticed
dumbing down commencer à apprendre		the act of making something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in order to make it more popular
fake news commencer à apprendre		false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke
going viral commencer à apprendre		used to describe something that quickly becomes very popular or well known by being published on the internet or sent from person to person by email, phone, etc.
clickbait commencer à apprendre		articles, photographs, etc. on the internet that are intended to attract attention and encourage people to click on links to particular websites
echo chamber commencer à apprendre		a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type, or opinions that are similar to their own:
filter bubble commencer à apprendre		a situation in which someone only hears or sees news and information that supports what they already believe and like, especially a situation created on the internet as a result of algorithms (= sets of rules) that choose the results of someone's searches
listicles commencer à apprendre		a newspaper, magazine, or online article that is in the form of a list
Fifteen Minutes of Fame commencer à apprendre		a brief period when someone becomes famous for something unimportant
stifling (to stifle) commencer à apprendre		to cut off, hold back, or smother (?)
pressure groups commencer à apprendre		people trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue
to air views commencer à apprendre		to express opinion
seek publicity commencer à apprendre		want to reach a wider audience
press conference commencer à apprendre		meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press
issue a statement/press release commencer à apprendre		give a formal announcement to the press
sound bite commencer à apprendre		short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles
silly season commencer à apprendre		time of year, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page
tapping useful sources commencer à apprendre		making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news
monitoring commencer à apprendre		regularly checking
column inch commencer à apprendre		space
put their own gloss/spin on a story commencer à apprendre		present a story in a particular way
muck-raking commencer à apprendre		collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)
a rag commencer à apprendre		a newspaper or magazine that is considered to be of bad quality
the gutter press commencer à apprendre		the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories about crime and sex than to serious matters
a glossy commencer à apprendre		expensive magazine printed on good quality paper
a copy commencer à apprendre		a copy
a deadline commencer à apprendre		A date or time when a project, report, or assignment must be finished.
goes to press commencer à apprendre		it starts to be printed
stop press column commencer à apprendre		a place in a newspaper where very recent pieces of news are printed
hot of the press commencer à apprendre		a very new newspaper or story
an exclusive commencer à apprendre		a story that is only to be found in one newspaper
a scoop commencer à apprendre		a story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others
hit the headlines commencer à apprendre		get a lot of publicity from the media
story breaks commencer à apprendre		becomes public knowledge
receive a lot of coverage commencer à apprendre		receive a lot of space in the press
libel commencer à apprendre		written defamation
defamation of character commencer à apprendre		wrongfully hurting a person's good reputation
back copies commencer à apprendre		previous issues of newspapers
newspaper cuttings commencer à apprendre		newspaper cuttings
innovative commencer à apprendre		original and interesting
unsurpassed commencer à apprendre		the best there is
leave other cars standing commencer à apprendre		are much better than other cars
put/leave other candidates in the shade commencer à apprendre		make candidates seem insignificant
rock-bottom prices commencer à apprendre		extremely low
slashed commencer à apprendre		dramatically reduced
bargains galore commencer à apprendre		a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices
pamper yourself commencer à apprendre		treat yourself to something luxurious
indulge yourself commencer à apprendre		allow yourself something enjoyable
sumptuous commencer à apprendre		costly, rich, magnificent (food and furnishing)
opulent commencer à apprendre		rich, luxurious; wealthy (lifestyle)
in the lap of luxury commencer à apprendre		in a very luxurious way
scientifically designed commencer à apprendre		designed with scientific methods (?)
proven commencer à apprendre		shown by research
state-of-the-art commencer à apprendre		using the latest technology
stand out in the crowd commencer à apprendre		to be noticed
tantalisingly commencer à apprendre		temptingly
fetching / alluring commencer à apprendre		attractive
alliteration commencer à apprendre		repetition of a sound
billboards commencer à apprendre		very large boards used for advertising
flyers commencer à apprendre		sheets of printed information advertising something
trailers commencer à apprendre		brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it
sky-writing commencer à apprendre		words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
sandwich board commencer à apprendre		advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area
to plug commencer à apprendre		to advertise/promote (a product, etc.)
the Anthropocene commencer à apprendre		the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment
climate change commencer à apprendre		changes in the world's weather, it is getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the climate crisis commencer à apprendre		serious problems that are being caused or likely to be caused by changes in the world's weather
fossil fuels commencer à apprendre		fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago
carbon/water footprint commencer à apprendre		Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. commencer à apprendre		The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.
carbon capture commencer à apprendre		a way of collecting the carbon produced when fuel is burned, so that it is not released into the air
climate engineering commencer à apprendre		also known as "geoengineering," it is the intentional large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counter climate change
a wind farm/turbine commencer à apprendre		a group of wind turbines that are used for producing electricity
a solar panel commencer à apprendre		a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity
wave power commencer à apprendre		is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work - for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water
tidal power commencer à apprendre		is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods
a fuel cell commencer à apprendre		a device that changes the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
fusion commencer à apprendre		a technique of joining atoms in a reaction that produces energy
factory farming commencer à apprendre		a system of farming in which a lot of animals are kept in a small closed area, in order to produce a large amount of meat, eggs, or milk as cheaply as possible
vertical farming commencer à apprendre		the activity of growing crops in tall buildings with many floors
cultured meat commencer à apprendre		meat produced by in vitro cell culture of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals
organic food commencer à apprendre		the practice of growing crops without pesticides or chemical fertilizers
slow food commencer à apprendre		good food that is prepared and cooked carefully
a doomsday scenario commencer à apprendre		an extremely serious or dangerous situation that could end in death or destruction
living off the grid commencer à apprendre		livinf without the connection to the public supply of electricity, gas, etc.
de-extinction commencer à apprendre		process of generating an organism that is either an extinct species or resembles an extinct species
genome sequencing commencer à apprendre		the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time
genetic commencer à apprendre		belonging or relating to genes received by each animal or plant from its parents
engineering/modification commencer à apprendre		a change to something, usually to improve it
gene editing commencer à apprendre		the process of changing genes using scientific methods, in order to cure or prevent disease
gene therapy commencer à apprendre		the science of changing genes in order to stop or prevent a disease
a designer baby commencer à apprendre		a baby whose genes have been chosen by its parents and doctors so that it has particular characteristics
cloning commencer à apprendre		the process of creating an exact copy of a plant or animal by using its cells
an artificial uterus commencer à apprendre		a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term
a brain transplant commencer à apprendre		it's a procedure in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of another organism.
printed organs commencer à apprendre		a computer model is fed into a printer that lays down successive layers of plastics or wax until a 3D object is produced
grown-to-order organs commencer à apprendre		grown on demand
artificial intelligence commencer à apprendre		the study of how to produce machines that have some of the qualities that the human mind has, such as the ability to understand language, recognize pictures, solve problems, and learn
facial recognition commencer à apprendre		technology that makes it possible for a computer to recognize a digital image of someone's face
a deepfake commencer à apprendre		a video or sound recording that replaces someone's face or voice with that of someone else, in a way that appears real
de-aging commencer à apprendre		it's a visual effects technique used to make an actor look younger, especially for flashback scenes
augmented reality commencer à apprendre		images produced by a computer and used together with a view of the real world
the (technology) singularity commencer à apprendre		a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization
quantum computing commencer à apprendre		the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.
the Cloud commencer à apprendre		is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud"
net neutrality commencer à apprendre		the principle that the companies that provide services on the internet should make all information equally available to users, and not make any particular service, website, etc. cheaper or faster to use than any other
big data commencer à apprendre		very large sets of data that are produced by people using the internet, and that can only be stored, understood, and used with the help of special tools and methods
the internet of things commencer à apprendre		objects with computing devices in them that are able to connect to each other and exchange data using the internet
a smart home commencer à apprendre		refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or other networked device
a smart city commencer à apprendre		an urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data.
the darknet commencer à apprendre		a computer network that uses the internet but can only be joined by people who have permission or who have the right software
nomophobia commencer à apprendre		fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it
FOMO commencer à apprendre		Fear of Missing Out
infinite scrolling commencer à apprendre		a web-design technique that loads content continuously as the user scrolls down the page, eliminating the need for pagination
phishing commencer à apprendre		an attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet or by email that would allow someone else to take money from them, for example by taking money out of their bank account
cryptocurrency commencer à apprendre		a digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography to make sure payments are sent and received safely
blockchain commencer à apprendre		a system used to make a digital record of all the occasions a cryptocurrency is bought or sold, and that is constantly growing as more blocks are added
universal translator commencer à apprendre		a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television, the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language
a smart TV commencer à apprendre		a television on which you can also use the internet
a home assistant commencer à apprendre		a brand name for a computer program that can be used to control devices in your home such as lights and heating
smart glasses commencer à apprendre		a pair of glasses that contain computer technology so that, for example, they can be used in a similar way to a smartphone, or you can get information added to what you are seeing as you look through them
planned obsolescence commencer à apprendre		a situation in which goods are deliberately made or designed so that they do not last for a long period of time
the right to repair commencer à apprendre		legal concept that allows consumers to repair the products they buy or choose their own service providers instead of going through the manufacturer
Satnav commencer à apprendre		abbreviation for satellite navigation: a system of computers and satellites, used in vehicles and other places to tell you where something is, where you are, or how to get to a place
self-driving vehicles commencer à apprendre		a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input
a flying car commencer à apprendre		a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door transportation by both ground and air
an e-plane commencer à apprendre		it's a reference plane for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices
an unmanned aerial vehicle commencer à apprendre		an aircraft without a human pilot on board
a jetpack commencer à apprendre		a device worn on the back that uses gas or water to push someone into the air, especially an astronaut
maglev commencer à apprendre		short for magnetic levitation: an advanced type of transport system in which a train travels on a magnetic track, often at very high speeds
a hyperloop commencer à apprendre		a sealed tube or system of tubes with low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free of air resistance or friction
supersonic transport commencer à apprendre		a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound
teleportation commencer à apprendre		the act of travelling by an imaginary very fast form of transport that uses special technology or special mental powers, or of causing someone or something to travel in this way
interplanetary/interstellar commencer à apprendre		between planets/stars
travel commencer à apprendre		to make a journey, usually over a long distance
suspended animation commencer à apprendre		a state in which life in a body is temporarily slowed down or stopped
cryogenics commencer à apprendre		the scientific study of very low temperatures and how to produce them
nanotechnology commencer à apprendre		an area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms
graphene commencer à apprendre		a form of carbon consisting of sheets that have the thickness of one atom. The atoms are arranged in a honeycomb pattern
3D printing commencer à apprendre		the process of printing a solid object from a digital model by printing many separate layers of the object
robotisation commencer à apprendre		the introduction of robots to carry out industrial tasks
soft robotics commencer à apprendre		specific subfield of robotics dealing with constructing robots from highly compliant materials, similar to those found in living organisms
technological unemployment commencer à apprendre		the loss of jobs caused by technological change
lidar commencer à apprendre		a method for measuring distances by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor
to teeter commencer à apprendre		move or balance unsteadily; sway back and forth
to tee off commencer à apprendre		start or launch an event (?)
incurable commencer à apprendre		not able to be cured
to pave the way commencer à apprendre		open up opportunities, to make something possible
a downside commencer à apprendre		a disadvantage of a situation
way faster commencer à apprendre		quicker
to some extent commencer à apprendre		partly
to outperform sb commencer à apprendre		be more successful than.
opinionated commencer à apprendre		stubborn and often unreasonable in holding to one's own ideas, having a closed mind
biased commencer à apprendre		bias; showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions
to flunk a class commencer à apprendre		to fail a class
to be fined commencer à apprendre		to make somebody pay money as an official punishment
to live with a decision commencer à apprendre		to live with a decision
a slippery slope commencer à apprendre		a bad situation or habit that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse
be accountable commencer à apprendre		being officially responsible for something
dignity commencer à apprendre		calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you
friend or foe? commencer à apprendre		A person who is both a friend and enemy
to alter sth commencer à apprendre		to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change
with hindsight commencer à apprendre		the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened
a waste of space commencer à apprendre		a person or thing that is not useful or helpful
to go _____ (e.g. "Skynet") commencer à apprendre		to go _____ (eg "Skynet")
disdainful commencer à apprendre		showing that someone does not like someone or something and thinks that they do not deserve interest or respect
mere (human beings) commencer à apprendre		used to emphasize how strongly someone feels about something or how extreme a situation is
just in case commencer à apprendre		to protect against something bad that could happen
a foible commencer à apprendre		a strange habit or characteristic that is seen as not important and not harming anyone
to use sth against sb commencer à apprendre		to use sth against sb
an overlord commencer à apprendre		a person in a position of power, especially in the past
to worship commencer à apprendre		to love, respect, and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing the bad qualities of that person or thing
upfront commencer à apprendre		speaking or behaving in a way that makes intentions and beliefs clear
input commencer à apprendre		Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.
collaboration commencer à apprendre		the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing
it takes a village commencer à apprendre		a lot of people (?)
legislation /ˌledʒ.əˈsleɪ.ʃən/ commencer à apprendre		law-making (a person = legislator, verb = to legislate)
Members of Parliament (MPs) commencer à apprendre		Elected members of the British or other parliament.
assiduously /əˈsɪdʒ.u.əs.li/ commencer à apprendre		in a steady and hard-working way (sumiennie)
constituents commencer à apprendre		people who elected one MP (as a group = constituency)
lobbies commencer à apprendre		people who try to influence MPs (verb = lobby)
corporations commencer à apprendre		large companies (adj = corporate)
Institute of Directors commencer à apprendre		organisation of top business people
ministers commencer à apprendre		MPs with top responsibilities, e.g. for health, education
civil servant / the Civil Service commencer à apprendre		people employed in government department
lobbyists commencer à apprendre		someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something
Chancellor of the Exchequer /eksˈtʃek.ɚ/ commencer à apprendre		finance minister (UK)
annual budget commencer à apprendre		yearly financial plan (of tax rates, etc.)
petition commencer à apprendre		a formal request signed by lots of people
tax concession commencer à apprendre		a reduction in taxes (verb = concede)
producer, manufacturer commencer à apprendre		a person or business that makes sth
centralised commencer à apprendre		concentrated in one central organisation (noun = centralisation)
close-knit commencer à apprendre		with close ties to each other
well-funded commencer à apprendre		with plenty of financial support
consumers commencer à apprendre		People who buy and use goods and services.
scattered commencer à apprendre		dispersed; spread out or separated widely
fragmented commencer à apprendre		separate; not centralised
backstairs (pressure, deals) commencer à apprendre		secret and usually dishonest or illegal; hidden from the public
concealed commencer à apprendre		hidden
Friends of the Earth commencer à apprendre		large environmental organisation
Child Poverty Action Group commencer à apprendre		large organisation helping children
paid-up members commencer à apprendre		people who have paid their membership fees, i.e. committed members
relentlessly /rɪˈlent.ləs.li/ commencer à apprendre		in an extreme way that continues without stopping; menacing
deputations commencer à apprendre		people sent to speak for a group
intimidate commencer à apprendre		To frighten, especially by threatening someone
counter commencer à apprendre		to oppose
grievance /ˈɡriː.vəns/ commencer à apprendre		complaint about unfair treatment
appeal to commencer à apprendre		request support from
red tape paperwork commencer à apprendre		formalities official procedure; bureaucracy
parish commencer à apprendre		A local church community. (parafia albo gmina)
encircle commencer à apprendre		to surround or form a circle around
commerce commencer à apprendre		the activities involved in buying and selling things
mass-produced commencer à apprendre		made in large quantities
constituency commencer à apprendre		area represented by one MP
petitioner commencer à apprendre		person signing a formal request
consumption commencer à apprendre		amount purchased, used or eaten
pressuries commencer à apprendre		to try to force someone to do something
representative commencer à apprendre		person standing for the interests of a group
to inluence commencer à apprendre		to affect
a climax commencer à apprendre		most important or exciting point
to press for commencer à apprendre		to argue in favour of (to press for reform, to press for change)
negotiation commencer à apprendre		The settling of a dispute through discussion
self-sufficiency commencer à apprendre		The ability of a country or person to support themselves without outside help
immunization commencer à apprendre		A means of protecting people against some diseases
recycling commencer à apprendre		Collection of raw materials so that they can be used again
subsidy commencer à apprendre		Money given by a government to lower the prices of e.g. basic foods
irrigation commencer à apprendre		A system of distributing water to places which need it for agriculture
charity commencer à apprendre		An organization which collects money from the public and uses it to help people in need
consumption commencer à apprendre		the act of using, eating, or drinking something
renewable commencer à apprendre		able to be created again
rainfall commencer à apprendre		rain, or the amount of rain that falls
shortages commencer à apprendre		a situation in which there is not enough of something
ecological commencer à apprendre		relating to ecology (= the relationship between living things and their environment) or the environment
wildlife commencer à apprendre		animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions
extinction commencer à apprendre		a situation in which something no longer exists
deforestation commencer à apprendre		the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people
endangered commencer à apprendre		in danger of becoming extinct
intervention commencer à apprendre		the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
household commencer à apprendre		a group of people, often a family, who live together
harmful commencer à apprendre		causing harm
pesticides commencer à apprendre		a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms
production commencer à apprendre		the process of making or growing goods to be sold
poisonous commencer à apprendre		very harmful and able to cause illness or death
climatic commencer à apprendre		relating to general weather conditions
populated commencer à apprendre		(of a place) having people living there
overrated commencer à apprendre		not as good as people say
overjoyed commencer à apprendre		extremely happy
underestimated commencer à apprendre		to fail to guess or understand the real cost, size, difficulty, etc. of something
oversimplified commencer à apprendre		unrealistically simple
undernourished commencer à apprendre		not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
overburdened commencer à apprendre		having too much to carry, contain, or deal with
underprivileged commencer à apprendre		without the money, possessions, education, opportunities, etc. that the average person has
overcrowded commencer à apprendre		containing too many people or things
underlying commencer à apprendre		real but not immediately obvious
rural commencer à apprendre		relating to farm areas and life in the country
illiterate commencer à apprendre		unable to read or write
essential commencer à apprendre		necessary, basic
wealthy commencer à apprendre		rich
sparsely commencer à apprendre		with only a small number or amount of people or things
impoverished commencer à apprendre		very poor
urban commencer à apprendre		relating to a city or town
densely commencer à apprendre		with a lot of things close together
inadequate commencer à apprendre		not good enough or too low in quality
traditional commencer à apprendre		a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time
humanitarian commencer à apprendre		(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
existence commencer à apprendre		the fact of something or someone existing
resistance commencer à apprendre		the act of fighting against something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept something
stabilize commencer à apprendre		If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing
devalued commencer à apprendre		to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
diplomatic commencer à apprendre		acting in a way that does not cause offence
ethnic cleansing commencer à apprendre		Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
disproportionate commencer à apprendre		too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence
slavery commencer à apprendre		the activity of owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you
washed away commencer à apprendre		carried away by the movement of water
devaluation commencer à apprendre		the action of reducing the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
erosion commencer à apprendre		the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind
buried commencer à apprendre		to put a body into the ground
covered commencer à apprendre		put over or on top of
ablaze commencer à apprendre		burning very strongly
smouldering commencer à apprendre		burning with little smoke and no flame
drought commencer à apprendre		a long period when there is little or no rain
evacuate commencer à apprendre		to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
shift commencer à apprendre		to move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly
malnutrition commencer à apprendre		physical weakness and bad health caused by having too little food, or too little of the types of food necessary for good health
undernourishment commencer à apprendre		the condition of not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
block sth out commencer à apprendre		stop from passing through
cut off commencer à apprendre		to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone
epidemic commencer à apprendre		the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time
plague commencer à apprendre		an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths
sea levels commencer à apprendre		the average height of the sea where it meets the land
pledge commencer à apprendre		a serious or formal promise
advent commencer à apprendre		the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving
sponsored commencer à apprendre		supported financially
proceeds commencer à apprendre		the amount of money received from a particular event or activity or when something is sold
enterprise commencer à apprendre		an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
aid commencer à apprendre		to help
thrash out commencer à apprendre		discuss in detail in order to find a solution
comprehensive commencer à apprendre		including many details or aspects of something
a two wave panel survey commencer à apprendre		the same people are questioned twice - for example before and after voting
fancy footwork commencer à apprendre		quick or clever actions to deal with a problem
inter-locking things commencer à apprendre		things that are connected (?)
deliver commencer à apprendre		provide sth promised (Membership of the EU wasn't delivering)
big picture commencer à apprendre		the situation as a whole
prosperous commencer à apprendre		Successful and wealthy
Recession commencer à apprendre		A slowdown in a nation's economy
to mishandle commencer à apprendre		manage badly or incompetently
to harden views on sth commencer à apprendre		to become very unfriendly
austerity commencer à apprendre		an economic policy by which a government reduces the amount of money it spends by a large amount
grassroots commencer à apprendre		people at the local level; average voters, not professional politicians
galvanise /ɡæl.və.naɪz/ commencer à apprendre		to stimulate to action, to motivate to vote
dour commencer à apprendre		gloomy
overblown commencer à apprendre		exaggerated
immigration: controlled or uncontrolled commencer à apprendre		the act of someone coming to live in a different country
polls commencer à apprendre		the process of voting in an election / the places where people vote in a political election
allegiance /əˈliː.dʒəns/ commencer à apprendre		loyalty
volatility commencer à apprendre		suddenly changing or becoming more dangerous
unglued commencer à apprendre		separated or detached
to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail commencer à apprendre		to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail
policymaking system commencer à apprendre		the process of developing policies
Populism commencer à apprendre		politics that represents the interests and opinions of ordinary people
the Tories commencer à apprendre		Conservative Party
go pear-shaped commencer à apprendre		(of a plan) to go badly wrong
to skew commencer à apprendre		to twist, to manipulate
Devolution commencer à apprendre		the process of taking power from a central authority or government and giving it to smaller and more local regions
academics commencer à apprendre		a teacher or scholar in a university or other institute of higher education
left behind commencer à apprendre		abandoned
backdrop commencer à apprendre		a background, setting
dosłownie: scenery hung at back of stage commencer à apprendre		literally: scenery hung at back of stage
coup commencer à apprendre		a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by part of an army
riot commencer à apprendre		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
discontented commencer à apprendre		dissatisfied, unhappy
merely /ˈmɪr.li/ commencer à apprendre		used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more
boost commencer à apprendre		increase
counterpart commencer à apprendre		a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization
catch up commencer à apprendre		get to the same point as someone else
the mainland commencer à apprendre		for Brtis: the rest of Europe
driving force commencer à apprendre		someone or something that has the power to make things happen
referendum commencer à apprendre		a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question
UKIP commencer à apprendre		UK Independence Party: a political party in the UK whose main policy has been that the United Kingdom should leave the European Union
drill down commencer à apprendre		to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information
propaganda commencer à apprendre		information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions
bias commencer à apprendre		the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment
prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs/ commencer à apprendre		an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge
robust /roʊˈbʌst/ commencer à apprendre		(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail
constitutional commencer à apprendre		allowed by or contained in a constitution
implication commencer à apprendre		an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
civil war commencer à apprendre		a war fought by different groups of people living in the same country
demonstration commencer à apprendre		an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
protest commencer à apprendre		a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval, or opposition
remain commencer à apprendre		to stay in the same place or in the same condition
Remainer commencer à apprendre		a person who voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum
Home Office commencer à apprendre		the UK government department that deals with matters inside the UK that are not the responsibility of other departments, for example justice and the rules for people from other countries entering the UK
vote commencer à apprendre		a choice that gets counted
election commencer à apprendre		a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job
dash for cash commencer à apprendre		chase for money?
asylum commencer à apprendre		protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war
to come out of retirement commencer à apprendre		to return to work or to one's professional career
candidate commencer à apprendre		a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
to toe the party line commencer à apprendre		to do what someone in authority tells you to do although you may not agree with it
smear campaign commencer à apprendre		a planned attempt to harm the reputation of a person or company by telling lies about them
opinion poll commencer à apprendre		an occasion when people are asked questions to discover what they think about a subject
majority commencer à apprendre		the larger number or part of something
latter commencer à apprendre		the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned
manifesto commencer à apprendre		a written statement of the beliefs, aims, and policies of an organization, especially a political party
diplomatic commencer à apprendre		tactful when dealing with people
respectable commencer à apprendre		with a good reputation
courteous commencer à apprendre		polite
radical commencer à apprendre		with extreme or very strong views
opressed commencer à apprendre		being ruled unjustly or cruelly
conventional commencer à apprendre		behaving just like everyone else
rebellious commencer à apprendre		against authority and hard control
privileged commencer à apprendre		having more advantages, opportunities, or rights than most people
notorious commencer à apprendre		having a bad reputation
progressive commencer à apprendre		in favour of new ideas
mayor commencer à apprendre		a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group who governs a town or city
bill commencer à apprendre		a formal statement of a planned new law that is discussed before being voted on
survey commencer à apprendre		an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions
council commencer à apprendre		a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization
reign commencer à apprendre		the period of time when a king or queen rules a country
authorities commencer à apprendre		a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity
motion commencer à apprendre		the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement
Members of the Cabinet commencer à apprendre		a small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions
licensed commencer à apprendre		officially allowed
illegal commencer à apprendre		against the law
compulsory commencer à apprendre		obligatory
barred commencer à apprendre		blocked, banned
abolished commencer à apprendre		to do away with
binding commencer à apprendre		to be obeyed
required commencer à apprendre		necessary
permitted commencer à apprendre		allowed
voluntary commencer à apprendre		willing; unforced
restricted commencer à apprendre		not allowed
president commencer à apprendre		the elected head of state.
minister commencer à apprendre		responsible for a government department
ringleader commencer à apprendre		the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
ambassador commencer à apprendre		an important official who works in a foreign country representing his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country
patriot commencer à apprendre		a person who loves their country and, if necessary, will fight for it
delegate commencer à apprendre		represents others at a meeting or conference
traitor commencer à apprendre		A person who betrays his or her country
sovereign commencer à apprendre		a person who may be the head of state by birth
terrorist commencer à apprendre		someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
chairperson commencer à apprendre		a person in charge of a meeting, organization, or department
retains commencer à apprendre		holds on to; keeps
the Houses of Parliament commencer à apprendre		the UK parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords
general public commencer à apprendre		ordinary people, especially all the people who are not members of a particular organization or who do not have any special type of knowledge
electorate commencer à apprendre		all the people who are allowed to vote
chamber commencer à apprendre		a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament
defied (defy) commencer à apprendre		to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
to backfire commencer à apprendre		have the opposite effect to what was intended
to wield power commencer à apprendre		to have a lot of influence or power over other people
put the record straight commencer à apprendre		to write or say something in order to make the true facts known
sideboard commencer à apprendre		a piece of furniture used to store tablecloths and dishes
silverware commencer à apprendre		tableware made of silver
hard-up commencer à apprendre		not having enough money to pay for necessities, poor
loot commencer à apprendre		money and valuable objects that have been stolen
come up with sth commencer à apprendre		to think of a plan, an idea, or a solution to a problem
collapse commencer à apprendre		to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
casualty commencer à apprendre		a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war
evacuated commencer à apprendre		removed from an area
meet demands commencer à apprendre		to provide for someone's need (spełnić wymagania)
sustain commencer à apprendre		to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss
OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection) commencer à apprendre		OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)
uprooted commencer à apprendre		torn up by the roots; removed
collide commencer à apprendre		to crash into
survivors commencer à apprendre		people who have stayed alive
blaze commencer à apprendre		A vivid glowing flame; large, strong fire
rapidly commencer à apprendre		very quickly
tear gas commencer à apprendre		a gas that makes your eyes sting, used especially by the police to control violent crowds
disperse commencer à apprendre		to scatter, spread far and wide
mob commencer à apprendre		a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
seal off commencer à apprendre		to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/ commencer à apprendre		relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
addiction commencer à apprendre		an inability to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful
offender commencer à apprendre		a person who commits a crime
petty crime commencer à apprendre		a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes
beggar commencer à apprendre		a poor person who lives by asking others for money or food
a brush with sth commencer à apprendre		a situation in which you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant
transgression commencer à apprendre		the act or process of breaking a law or moral rule
hardened commencer à apprendre		used to describe someone who has had a lot of bad experiences and as a result no longer gets upset or shocked; no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
counselling commencer à apprendre		the job or process of listening to someone and giving that person advice about their problems
enforce commencer à apprendre		to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
deter commencer à apprendre		to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it
custody commencer à apprendre		the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detention commencer à apprendre		a form of punishment in which children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended; the act of officially detaining someone
prison commencer à apprendre		a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
Capital punishment commencer à apprendre		death penalty
the death penalty commencer à apprendre		the legal punishment of death for a crime
execution commencer à apprendre		the legal punishment of killing someone
arrest commencer à apprendre		If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
detection commencer à apprendre		the fact of noticing or discovering something
inquiry /ˈɪŋ.kwɚ.i/ commencer à apprendre		(the process of asking) a question
hairpiece does not fully cover the head commencer à apprendre		Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head toupee.
headdress commencer à apprendre		a decorative covering for the head
wig commencer à apprendre		a covering of artificial hair worn on the head to hide a loss of hair or to cover your own hair
charged with assault commencer à apprendre		officially accused by a court of deliberately causing harm to another person
the accused commencer à apprendre		a person officially charged with a crime; the person who is on trial in a law court:
presume commencer à apprendre		to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain
faultless commencer à apprendre		perfect and without any mistakes
innocent commencer à apprendre		(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
offence commencer à apprendre		an illegal act; a crime
charge commencer à apprendre		(of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
case commencer à apprendre		a problem, a series of events, or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc.
racing commencer à apprendre		the action of competing in a race (= a competition to see who can finish first) or running a race with someone
speeding commencer à apprendre		driving faster than is allowed in a particular area
built-up area commencer à apprendre		A built-up area is one where there are a lot of buildings
evidence commencer à apprendre		one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
it suggests commencer à apprendre		it suggests
UN commencer à apprendre		UN
proof commencer à apprendre		a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true
it proves commencer à apprendre		it proves
UN zwykle commencer à apprendre		UN usually
jury commencer à apprendre		a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
defence commencer à apprendre		protection
verdict commencer à apprendre		an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
come into force commencer à apprendre		(of laws, rules, or systems) existing and being used
on probation commencer à apprendre		a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
ban from commencer à apprendre		to forbid someone to do something or forbid an action
(go on a) rampage commencer à apprendre		to go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage
out of control commencer à apprendre		if something is out of control, it cannot be dealt with successfully:
habit-forming commencer à apprendre		A habit-forming activity or drug makes you want to do or take it repeatedly
be robbed OF commencer à apprendre		to have sth stolen
without due care and attention commencer à apprendre		careless
neglect commencer à apprendre		to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
swindled commencer à apprendre		cheated
riot commencer à apprendre		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
(to be) pardoned commencer à apprendre		officially forgiven and the punishment is stopped
deported commencer à apprendre		forced to leave a country
illegal alien commencer à apprendre		A person who enters a country illegally without the proper authorization and documents, or is an alien who once entered a country legally and has since violated the terms of the status in which he entered a country or has overstayed the time
doesn't have the legal right to stay commencer à apprendre		doesn't have the legal right to stay
(to squat) squatted commencer à apprendre		lived illegally without paying rent
cheated commencer à apprendre		acted dishonestly
abolished commencer à apprendre		brought to an end
swerved commencer à apprendre		turned suddenly to avoid hitting something
burgle commencer à apprendre		to steal
loophole in the law commencer à apprendre		a small mistake in an agreement or law that gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something
mitigating circumstances commencer à apprendre		factors that decrease the severity of a crime
okoliczności łagodzące commencer à apprendre		attenuating circumstances
community service commencer à apprendre		A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency
to falsify (evidence) commencer à apprendre		to change sth or add untrue details to it in order to deceive people
witness commencer à apprendre		a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
impunity commencer à apprendre		freedom from punishment or harm
bigamy commencer à apprendre		the crime of marrying a person while already legally married to someone else
fine commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law
misdemeanour /ˌmɪs.dɪˈmiː.nɚ/ commencer à apprendre		an action that is slightly bad or breaks a rule but is not a crime
prison commencer à apprendre		a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
civil law commencer à apprendre		the part of the legal system that relates to personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime
crime commencer à apprendre		illegal activities
forgery commencer à apprendre		an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc. or the crime of making such illegal copies
offence commencer à apprendre		an illegal act; a crime
criminal law commencer à apprendre		the part of the legal system that relates to punishing people who break the law
law commencer à apprendre		a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves
penalty commencer à apprendre		a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law
term commencer à apprendre		the fixed period of time that something lasts for
felony commencer à apprendre		(an example of) serious crime that can be punished by one or more years in prison
life imprisonment commencer à apprendre		the punishment of being put in prison for a very long time without an arranged time for release or, in the US, until death
treason commencer à apprendre		(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
thief commencer à apprendre		a person who steals
pickpocket commencer à apprendre		someone who steals things from people's pockets
blackmailer commencer à apprendre		gets money by threatening to disclose personal information
hijacker commencer à apprendre		someone who takes control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey by force
shoplifter commencer à apprendre		takes things from a shop without paying
murderer commencer à apprendre		kills people
burglar commencer à apprendre		a person who illegally enters buildings and steals things
robber commencer à apprendre		someone who steals
kidnapper commencer à apprendre		someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them
spy commencer à apprendre		a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization
vandal commencer à apprendre		a person who intentionally damages property belonging to other people
bigamist commencer à apprendre		someone who marries a person while already legally married to someone else
commit commencer à apprendre		to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong
bandit commencer à apprendre		a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside
guerrilla commencer à apprendre		a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces
observance commencer à apprendre		the act of obeying a law or following a religious custom
disrespect commencer à apprendre		lack of respect
hostage commencer à apprendre		someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants
breach commencer à apprendre		an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship
currency regulation commencer à apprendre		Government rules governing the flow of national or foreign currencies into or out of a country. (?)
commit suicide commencer à apprendre		a phrase used to mean "to kill yourself", which is now considered offensive because it suggests that doing this is a crime
homicide commencer à apprendre		(an act of) murder
prosecute commencer à apprendre		to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime
persecute commencer à apprendre		to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone
liable commencer à apprendre		having (legal) responsibility for something or someone
hooligan commencer à apprendre		a violent person who fights or causes damage in public places
division commencer à apprendre		a separate part of an army or large organization
portion commencer à apprendre		a part or share of something larger
element commencer à apprendre		a part of something
force commencer à apprendre		physical, especially violent, strength, or power
burst commencer à apprendre		to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this
blare commencer à apprendre		to make an unpleasantly loud noise
siren commencer à apprendre		a device for making a loud warning noise
gong commencer à apprendre		a round piece of metal that is hung in a frame and hit with a stick to produce a sound as a signal, also used as a musical instrument
bell commencer à apprendre		an electrical device that makes a ringing sound when you press a button or a hollow metal object shaped like a cup that makes a ringing sound when hit by something hard, especially a clapper
alarm commencer à apprendre		a warning of danger, usually a loud noise or flashing light
bereaved commencer à apprendre		having a close relation or friend who has recently died
confiscate commencer à apprendre		to take a possession away from someone when you have the right to do so, usually as a punishment and often for a limited period, after which it is returned to the owner
deprive commencer à apprendre		to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
extort commencer à apprendre		to get something by force or threats, or with difficulty
sober commencer à apprendre		not drunk or affected by alcohol
steady commencer à apprendre		happening in a smooth, gradual, and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly; constant
sue commencer à apprendre		to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you
carry sth out commencer à apprendre		to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do
bring sth about commencer à apprendre		to cause something to happen
conspirator commencer à apprendre		someone who conspires with other people to do something
plot commencer à apprendre		a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful, or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government
catastrophe /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/ commencer à apprendre		a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction
disaster commencer à apprendre		(an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death, or serious difficulty
demolition /ˌdem.əˈlɪʃ.ən/ commencer à apprendre		the act of destroying something such as a building
overthrow commencer à apprendre		to defeat or remove someone from power, using force
broadcast commencer à apprendre		to send out a programme on television or radio
scatter commencer à apprendre		to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sow commencer à apprendre		to put seeds in or on the ground so that plants will grow
stray commencer à apprendre		to travel along a route that was not originally intended, or to move outside a limited area
catch sb red-handed commencer à apprendre		to find someone in the act of doing something illegal
true-blue commencer à apprendre		completely loyal to a person or belief
in black and white commencer à apprendre		in writing
camouflage commencer à apprendre		something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth
counterfeit commencer à apprendre		made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes
fake commencer à apprendre		an object that is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people
fraudulent commencer à apprendre		dishonest and illegal
blackmail commencer à apprendre		the act of getting money from people or forcing them to do something by threatening to tell a secret of theirs or to harm them
bribery commencer à apprendre		an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
compensation commencer à apprendre		money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem
reward commencer à apprendre		an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner
crew commencer à apprendre		a group of people who work together, especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc.
gang commencer à apprendre		a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly
staff commencer à apprendre		the group of people who work for an organization
team commencer à apprendre		people working together as a group in order to achieve something
creep commencer à apprendre		to move slowly, quietly, and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed
stride commencer à apprendre		to walk with long steps
wander commencer à apprendre		to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction
arsonist commencer à apprendre		a person who intentionally starts a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building
assassin commencer à apprendre		someone who kills a famous or important person, usually for political reasons or in exchange for money
deserter commencer à apprendre		a person who leaves the armed forces without permission
embezzler commencer à apprendre		someone who secretly takes money that is in their care or that belongs to an organization or business they work for
forger commencer à apprendre		someone who falsifies or makes fake copies
fraud commencer à apprendre		a person who pretends to be what he is not
con man commencer à apprendre		a person who uses tricks to cheat people, esp. to get their money or possessions
mugger commencer à apprendre		a person who attacks people in order to steal their money
poacher commencer à apprendre		someone who catches and kills animals illegally
racketeer commencer à apprendre		someone who makes money from a dishonest or illegal business activity
smuggler commencer à apprendre		someone who takes goods or people into or out of a country illegally
terrorist commencer à apprendre		someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
ransack commencer à apprendre		to search a place or container in a violent and careless way
invade commencer à apprendre		to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it
safe deposit box commencer à apprendre		a strong box in a bank where you can keep money or valuable things
high-pitched commencer à apprendre		A voice that is high-pitched is higher than usual
eject commencer à apprendre		to force someone to leave a particular place
emit commencer à apprendre		to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
expel commencer à apprendre		to send out or away
exclude commencer à apprendre		to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity
clench commencer à apprendre		to close or hold something very tightly, often in a determined or angry way
clutch commencer à apprendre		to take or try to take hold of something tightly, usually in fear, worry, or pain
grab commencer à apprendre		to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly
grip commencer à apprendre		to hold very tightly
haul commencer à apprendre		a usually large amount of something that has been stolen or is illegal
floorboard commencer à apprendre		one of the long, straight pieces of wood used to make a floor
creak commencer à apprendre		When a door, floorboard, etc. creaks, it makes a long low sound when it moves or is moved
crack commencer à apprendre		to break something so that it does not separate, but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to become broken in this way
crunch commencer à apprendre		to crush hard food loudly between the teeth, or to make a sound as if something is being crushed or broken
groan commencer à apprendre		a deep, long sound showing great pain or unhappiness
flaunt commencer à apprendre		to show or make obvious something you are proud of in order to get admiration
flout /flaʊt/ commencer à apprendre		to intentionally not obey a rule, law, or custom
float /floʊt/ commencer à apprendre		to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink
intact commencer à apprendre		complete and in the original state
preserve commencer à apprendre		to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed
maul commencer à apprendre		If an animal mauls someone, it attacks that person and injures them with its teeth or claws (= long sharp nails)
violate commencer à apprendre		to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle, or something that should be treated with respect
hinder commencer à apprendre		to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something
tamper commencer à apprendre		to touch or make changes to something when you should not, especially when this is illegal
snatch commencer à apprendre		to grab quickly
withdraw commencer à apprendre		to take or move out or back, or to remove
suspect commencer à apprendre		a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad
account commencer à apprendre		a written or spoken description of an event
declaration commencer à apprendre		an announcement, often one that is written and official
deposition commencer à apprendre		a formal written statement made or used in a law court
statement commencer à apprendre		something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
unruly commencer à apprendre		badly behaved
collection commencer à apprendre		a lot of things or people
congregation commencer à apprendre		a group of people who have come together in a religious building for worship and prayer
group commencer à apprendre		a number of people or things that are put together or considered as a unit
mob commencer à apprendre		a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
discount commencer à apprendre		to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention
neglect commencer à apprendre		to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
omit commencer à apprendre		to fail to include or do something
overlook commencer à apprendre		to fail to notice or consider something or someone
foul play commencer à apprendre		a criminal act that results in serious damage or injury, especially murder
communication commencer à apprendre		the act of communicating with people
connection commencer à apprendre		the state of being related to someone or something else
join commencer à apprendre		to connect or fasten things together
assailant commencer à apprendre		a person who attacks another person
immovable commencer à apprendre		fixed and impossible to move
lifeless commencer à apprendre		showing little energy or interest
motionless commencer à apprendre		without moving
static commencer à apprendre		staying in one place without moving, or not changing for a long time
bewilder commencer à apprendre		to confuse someone
confuse commencer à apprendre		to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand
merge commencer à apprendre		to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this
puzzled commencer à apprendre		confused because you do not understand something
battened commencer à apprendre		strengthen or fasten (something) with battens (= a long piece of wood)
cordoned commencer à apprendre		prevent access to or from (an area or building) by surrounding it with police or other guards.
fasten commencer à apprendre		to (cause something to) become firmly fixed together, or in position, or closed
shuttered commencer à apprendre		closed permanently
snare commencer à apprendre		a device for catching small animals and birds, usually with a rope or wire that tightens around the animal
trap commencer à apprendre		a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape
certify commencer à apprendre		to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
identify commencer à apprendre		to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is
justify commencer à apprendre		to give or to be a good reason for
verify commencer à apprendre		to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct
deductive commencer à apprendre		reaching an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts
disturbing commencer à apprendre		making you feel worried or upset
suggestive commencer à apprendre		causing you to think about something
suspicious commencer à apprendre		making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong; feeling doubt or a lack of trust
attentive commencer à apprendre		listening carefully
thorough /ˈθɝː.oʊ/ commencer à apprendre		detailed and careful
thoughtful commencer à apprendre		carefully considering things; kind and always thinking about how you can help other people
enquiring commencer à apprendre		To ask for information
investigate commencer à apprendre		to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth
seek commencer à apprendre		to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
anonymity commencer à apprendre		the situation in which someone's name is not given or known
identification commencer à apprendre		the act of recognizing and naming someone or something
identity commencer à apprendre		who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others
personality commencer à apprendre		the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think
combing commencer à apprendre		searching a place or an area very carefully in order to find something
motive commencer à apprendre		a reason for doing something
principle commencer à apprendre		a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
confine commencer à apprendre		to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way
possession commencer à apprendre		the fact that you have or own something
ownership commencer à apprendre		the state or fact of owning something
raid commencer à apprendre		a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people
invasion commencer à apprendre		the act of entering a place by force, often in large numbers
storm commencer à apprendre		to attack a place or building by entering suddenly in great numbers
constable commencer à apprendre		police officer
confinement commencer à apprendre		the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere, usually by force
custody commencer à apprendre		the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detection commencer à apprendre		the fact of noticing or discovering something
guardianship commencer à apprendre		the state or duty of being a guardian
compel commencer à apprendre		to force someone to do something
enforce commencer à apprendre		to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
press commencer à apprendre		to try hard to persuade someone to do something
press charges commencer à apprendre		to complain officially about someone in a law court
observer commencer à apprendre		a person who watches what happens but has no active part in it
onlooker commencer à apprendre		someone who watches something that is happening in a public place but is not involved in it
spectator commencer à apprendre		a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part
witnesses commencer à apprendre		a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
examination commencer à apprendre		the act of looking at or considering something carefully in order to discover something
concentrate commencer à apprendre		focus
exhausting commencer à apprendre		extremely tired
intense commencer à apprendre		extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
stand clear commencer à apprendre		to move a short distance away from something so that you are safe
stand out commencer à apprendre		to be very noticeable
measures commencer à apprendre		to judge the quality, effect, importance, or value of something
affective commencer à apprendre		connected with the emotions
effective commencer à apprendre		successful or achieving the results that you want
efficient commencer à apprendre		working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
ineffective commencer à apprendre		not producing the effects or results that are wanted
accused commencer à apprendre		a person or people who may be guilty of a crime and who are being judged in a court of law
arrest commencer à apprendre		If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
charged commencer à apprendre		to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
convicted commencer à apprendre		having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
interrogated commencer à apprendre		to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
parole commencer à apprendre		permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well
suspected commencer à apprendre		believed to be guilty of a crime
try commencer à apprendre		to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a law court by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty
barrister commencer à apprendre		a type of lawyer in the UK, Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice and can argue a case in both higher and lower courts
counsel commencer à apprendre		a lawyer or group of lawyers whose job is to speak for someone in a court of law
judge commencer à apprendre		a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters
solicitor commencer à apprendre		a type of lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts
dispute commencer à apprendre		an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
settled commencer à apprendre		stable
arbitration commencer à apprendre		the process of solving an argument between people by helping them to agree to an acceptable solution
court commencer à apprendre		a place where trials and other legal cases happen
election commencer à apprendre		the process of voting to choose a winner
referee commencer à apprendre		a person or organization that helps to find a fair answer to a disagreement
bear commencer à apprendre		to hold or support something
possess commencer à apprendre		to have
reflect commencer à apprendre		to show, express, or be a sign of something
accuse commencer à apprendre		to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind
ensure commencer à apprendre		to make something certain to happen
prove commencer à apprendre		to show that something is true
autopsy commencer à apprendre		the cutting open and examination of a dead body in order to discover the cause of death
inquiry commencer à apprendre		(the process of asking) a question
interrogation commencer à apprendre		a process of asking someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
covered commencer à apprendre		protected
erased commencer à apprendre		removed
hidden commencer à apprendre		not easy to find
disturbance commencer à apprendre		violence or trouble
demonstration commencer à apprendre		an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
notice commencer à apprendre		to bring someone to the attention of the public; information or a warning given about something that is going to happen in the future
summary commencer à apprendre		a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something; done suddenly, without discussion or a legal process
deny commencer à apprendre		to say that something is not true; to not allow someone to have or do something
refuse commencer à apprendre		to say that you will not do or accept something
resist commencer à apprendre		to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
testify commencer à apprendre		give evidence as a witness in a law court.
on behalf commencer à apprendre		in the interest of
passersby commencer à apprendre		someone who is going past a particular place
deed commencer à apprendre		an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one
innocent commencer à apprendre		(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
lovely commencer à apprendre		pleasant or enjoyable
natural commencer à apprendre		(of a person or their behaviour) seeming normal and relaxed
pure commencer à apprendre		behaving in a way that is morally good
discard commencer à apprendre		to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it
dismiss commencer à apprendre		to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering
resigned commencer à apprendre		accepting that something you do not like will happen because you cannot change it:
come into force commencer à apprendre		to come into effect
crucial commencer à apprendre		extremely important or necessary
forcible commencer à apprendre		involving the use of physical power or violence
supreme commencer à apprendre		having the highest rank, level, or importance
valuable commencer à apprendre		very helpful or important; worth a lot of money
blame commencer à apprendre		to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened
cause commencer à apprendre		the reason why something, especially something bad, happens
evil commencer à apprendre		morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant; wicked
fault commencer à apprendre		a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame
barred commencer à apprendre		blocked
deported commencer à apprendre		forced to leave a country
exported commencer à apprendre		Sent to another country for trade
intern commencer à apprendre		to put someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
extradition commencer à apprendre		the act of making someone return for trial to another country or state where they have been accused of doing something illegal
proceedings commencer à apprendre		a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way; legal action
trace commencer à apprendre		a sign that something has happened or existed
oppress commencer à apprendre		to govern people in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom
repress commencer à apprendre		to hold back
suppress commencer à apprendre		to end something by force
cross-examination commencer à apprendre		the act of cross-examining (= asking detailed questions of) someone, especially a witness in a trial
content commencer à apprendre		pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement
glad commencer à apprendre		happy
satisfied commencer à apprendre		pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted
condemned commencer à apprendre		A condemned person is someone who is going to be killed, especially as a punishment for having committed a very serious crime, such as murder
convinced commencer à apprendre		certain of your beliefs
penalize commencer à apprendre		to cause someone a disadvantage; to punish
outclass commencer à apprendre		to be much better than someone or something
outnumber commencer à apprendre		to be greater in number than someone or something
overcome commencer à apprendre		to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something
supersede commencer à apprendre		to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
the Inns of Court commencer à apprendre		the four societies in London for students of law, one of which a barrister (= lawyer who argues cases in a law court) must belong to
prospective commencer à apprendre		(adj) potential, in the future
willing commencer à apprendre		agreeable and ready to do something
wishful commencer à apprendre		having to do with wishes and not reality
case commencer à apprendre		a matter to be decided by a judge in a law court
lawsuit commencer à apprendre		a problem taken to a law court by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police in order to obtain a legal decision
trial commencer à apprendre		the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
contradict commencer à apprendre		to speak against; to say the opposite
decline commencer à apprendre		decrease
take the words out of sb's mouth commencer à apprendre		to say something that another person was just about to say or was thinking
affirm commencer à apprendre		to state something as true
alleged commencer à apprendre		said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no proof
announce commencer à apprendre		to make something known or tell people about something officially
justice commencer à apprendre		fairness in the way people are dealt with
punishment commencer à apprendre		the act of punishing someone; rough treatment
pass sentence commencer à apprendre		to say officially, as a judge, what a criminal's official punishment will be
verdict commencer à apprendre		an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
be in trouble commencer à apprendre		a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badly
strict commencer à apprendre		strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, or likely to severely punish someone if they do not obey
combine commencer à apprendre		to (cause to) exist together, or join together to make a single thing or group
invent a story commencer à apprendre		to make up a story
adjust commencer à apprendre		to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
coincide commencer à apprendre		to be the same or similar
reconcile commencer à apprendre		to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together
bear sb/sth out commencer à apprendre		to support the truth of something
defendant commencer à apprendre		a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal
obstacle commencer à apprendre		something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or made more difficult
regulation commencer à apprendre		an official rule or the act of controlling something
restriction commencer à apprendre		an official limit on something
veto commencer à apprendre		an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something
under arrest commencer à apprendre		to be put in prison
accusation commencer à apprendre		a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone
basis commencer à apprendre		the most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developed
foothold commencer à apprendre		a strong first position from which further progress can be made
framework commencer à apprendre		a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something
legal training commencer à apprendre		education of individuals in the principles, practices, and theory of law (?) (aplikacja prawnicza)
convincingly commencer à apprendre		in a way that is convincing (= making you believe that something is true or right)
capital punishment commencer à apprendre		death penalty
corporal punishment commencer à apprendre		physical punishment
eviction commencer à apprendre		the act of forcing someone to leave somewhere, especially their home
heavy fine commencer à apprendre		a large sum of money to pay
internment commencer à apprendre		the act of putting someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
penal servitude commencer à apprendre		being made to do specially hard work while in prison
prison sentence commencer à apprendre		time that is spent in prison
probation commencer à apprendre		a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
solitary confinement commencer à apprendre		a punishment in which someone is kept in a room alone, usually in a prison
suspended sentence commencer à apprendre		a punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime
austere commencer à apprendre		very simple, with only the things that are absolutely necessary, especially because of severe limits on money or goods
severe commencer à apprendre		causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.' very serious
vigorous commencer à apprendre		done with power, force or energy
appeal commencer à apprendre		a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
fined commencer à apprendre		punished by making someone pay money for breaking a rule
ordered commencer à apprendre		carefully arranged or controlled
penalized commencer à apprendre		to punish someone for breaking a rule
ringleader commencer à apprendre		the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
get off with commencer à apprendre		avoid punishment
associate commencer à apprendre		to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
assume commencer à apprendre		to accept something to be true without question or proof
assimilate commencer à apprendre		to become part of a group
lenient commencer à apprendre		not strict; generous
plead commencer à apprendre		to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something; to beg
bid commencer à apprendre		to offer a particular amount of money for something that is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property
absolve commencer à apprendre		(especially in religion or law) to free someone from guilt, blame, or responsibility for something
acquit commencer à apprendre		to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
pardoned commencer à apprendre		forgiven
hardened commencer à apprendre		no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
remorse commencer à apprendre		a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done
penance commencer à apprendre		an act that shows that you feel sorry about something that you have done, sometimes for religious reasons
pity commencer à apprendre		a feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone else's unhappiness or difficult situation
reproach commencer à apprendre		to criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected
a scrap of commencer à apprendre		a small piece of something
legislature commencer à apprendre		A group of people who have the power to make laws
panel commencer à apprendre		a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions
juror commencer à apprendre		a member of a jury
guilty commencer à apprendre		responsible for breaking a law or doing something wrong
legal dispute commencer à apprendre		an argument or disagreement between two or more parties to be resolved by the legal system
testimony commencer à apprendre		(an example of) spoken or written statements that something is true, especially those given in a law court
laymen commencer à apprendre		someone who is not trained in or does not have a detailed knowledge of a particular subject
courtroom commencer à apprendre		a room in which trials or other legal cases are held
counsel by jury commencer à apprendre		a jury decides the facts
jury commencer à apprendre		a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
jury commissioner commencer à apprendre		The court officer responsible for choosing the panel of persons to serve as potential jurors for a particular court term.
selected by lot commencer à apprendre		method of randomly choosing people
applicable commencer à apprendre		affecting or relating to a person or thing
beyond a reasonable doubt commencer à apprendre		The standard of proof used in criminal cases.
impose commencer à apprendre		to introduce a new law, tax, rule, or punishment
self-confessed commencer à apprendre		admitting to having a characteristic that is considered to be bad or not acceptable
self-centered commencer à apprendre		only interested in yourself and your own activities
self-conscious commencer à apprendre		nervous or uncomfortable because you are worried about what people think about you or your actions
self-contained commencer à apprendre		not needing or depending on other people
attack commencer à apprendre		to try to hurt or defeat using violence
onslaught /ˈɑːn.slɑːt/ commencer à apprendre		a very powerful attack
outcry commencer à apprendre		a strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public
recrimination commencer à apprendre		arguments between people who are blaming each other
keep to the straight and narrow commencer à apprendre		to live an honest, decent life and not doing immoral or illegal things
resort commencer à apprendre		the fact that you have to do something because there is no other way of achieving something
recourse commencer à apprendre		using something or someone as a way of getting help, especially in a difficult or dangerous situation
resource commencer à apprendre		a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
retort commencer à apprendre		to answer someone quickly in an angry or funny way
humane commencer à apprendre		showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/ commencer à apprendre		relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
delinquent commencer à apprendre		a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptable to most people
sinner commencer à apprendre		a person who has broken a religious or moral law
villain commencer à apprendre		a bad person who harms other people or breaks the law
inoffensive commencer à apprendre		not causing any harm or offence
offensive commencer à apprendre		causing offence
unoffending commencer à apprendre		Causing no harm
unsuspicious commencer à apprendre		trusting
squatter commencer à apprendre		a person who lives in an empty building without permission
discharge commencer à apprendre		to allow someone officially to leave somewhere, especially a hospital or a law court
ejection commencer à apprendre		to force someone to leave a particular place
expulsion commencer à apprendre		(the act of) forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country
confess commencer à apprendre		to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about
corroborated commencer à apprendre		to add proof to an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information
cite commencer à apprendre		to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened
nominate commencer à apprendre		to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position, or honour
quote commencer à apprendre		to repeat the words that someone else has said or written
fabrication commencer à apprendre		the act of inventing false information in order to deceive someone, or the false information itself
fantasy commencer à apprendre		a pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about but is unlikely to happen, or the activity of imagining things like this
a figment of somebody's imagination commencer à apprendre		something that seems real but is not
figure commencer à apprendre		to expect or think that something will happen
imagination commencer à apprendre		something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true
abandon commencer à apprendre		to leave a place, thing, or person for ever
lift commencer à apprendre		to end a rule or law
relinquish commencer à apprendre		to give up something such as a responsibility or claim
surrender commencer à apprendre		to stop fighting and admit defeat
ward of the court commencer à apprendre		a person, esp a minor or one legally incapable of managing his or her own affairs, placed under the control or protection of a guardian or of a court
progeny commencer à apprendre		the young or offspring of a person, animal, or plant
protege /ˈprɑː.t̬ə.ʒeɪ/ commencer à apprendre		a young person who is helped and taught by an older and usually famous person
unambiguous /ˌʌn.æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ commencer à apprendre		expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant
unanimous /juːˈnæn.ə.məs/ commencer à apprendre		If a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about one particular matter or vote the same way, and if a decision or judgment is unanimous, it is formed or supported by everyone in a group
undivided commencer à apprendre		existing as a whole, not in separate parts
united commencer à apprendre		joined together as a group
in the light of commencer à apprendre		because of
assessment commencer à apprendre		the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made
conclusion commencer à apprendre		the final part of something
interpretation commencer à apprendre		an explanation or opinion of what something means
misappropriation commencer à apprendre		the act of stealing something that you have been trusted to take care of and using it for yourself
mislay / misplace commencer à apprendre		to lose something temporarily by forgetting where you have put it
mistake commencer à apprendre		a bad or wrong decision; error
trivial commencer à apprendre		unimportant
foolish commencer à apprendre		unwise, stupid, or not showing good judgment
critical commencer à apprendre		saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
momentous commencer à apprendre		very important because of effects on future events
significant commencer à apprendre		important or noticeable
indication commencer à apprendre		a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
frown commencer à apprendre		look of anger
foggy commencer à apprendre		misty, you can't see very well in this weather
pursuer commencer à apprendre		someone who is chasing you
moist commencer à apprendre		damp or slightly wet
messy commencer à apprendre		untidy or dirty
mild commencer à apprendre		not very cold or not as cold as usual
avert commencer à apprendre		to prevent
minimize commencer à apprendre		to reduce something to the least possible level or amount
indecisive commencer à apprendre		not good at making decisions
readily commencer à apprendre		easily
abruptly commencer à apprendre		in a sudden, unexpected, and sometimes unpleasant way
subtly commencer à apprendre		in a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important
compelled commencer à apprendre		forced
beseech commencer à apprendre		to ask for something in a way that shows you need it very much
insinuate commencer à apprendre		to suggest indirectly
flatly commencer à apprendre		without emotion
disgraced commencer à apprendre		ashamed, embarrassed, mortified
phony commencer à apprendre		not sincere or not real
tempted commencer à apprendre		to want something or to want to do something
flee commencer à apprendre		to run away
abide by commencer à apprendre		to accept or obey an agreement, decision, or rule
victimless crime commencer à apprendre		In a victimless crime no one suffers directly, sometimes because the people affected by the crime have agreed to take part in it
miscarriages of justice commencer à apprendre		a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
paid their debt to society commencer à apprendre		to be punished for committing a crime
riot commencer à apprendre		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
rally commencer à apprendre		a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion
impeachment commencer à apprendre		the act of making a formal statement that a public official might be guilty of a serious offence in connection with his or her job, especially in the US
prior commencer à apprendre		before a particular time or event
exhort commencer à apprendre		to strongly encourage or try to persuade someone to do something
to march commencer à apprendre		an event in which a large number of people walk through a public place to express their support for something, or their disagreement with or disapproval of something
Congress commencer à apprendre		the elected group of politicians in the US who are responsible for making the law, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives
to certify commencer à apprendre		to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
democrat commencer à apprendre		a person who believes in democracy
republican commencer à apprendre		a person who supports or believes in representative government
Senate commencer à apprendre		the group of politicians who have the most power to make laws in a government
trial commencer à apprendre		the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
win by a landslide commencer à apprendre		the winning of an election with an extremely large number of votes
incitement commencer à apprendre		the act of encouraging someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent
the charge sheet commencer à apprendre		an official document on which a police officer records the details of the crime a person is accused of
lower chamber commencer à apprendre		one of the two parts that some parliaments are divided into, usually the one with more political power
preceding commencer à apprendre		existing or happening before someone or something
the Joint Session commencer à apprendre		When the House and Senate adopt a concurrent resolution to meet together to conduct formal business or to hear an address by the president of the United States
statement commencer à apprendre		something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
claim commencer à apprendre		to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it
widespread commencer à apprendre		existing or happening in many places and/or among many people
federal official commencer à apprendre		An individual who is employed by or represents any department or agency of the US Government
commence commencer à apprendre		to begin something
the Ellipse commencer à apprendre		President's Park South
reiterate commencer à apprendre		to say something again, once or several times
echoing commencer à apprendre		repeating
declare commencer à apprendre		to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly, or officially
pace commencer à apprendre		the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes
concede commencer à apprendre		to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true
illegitimate commencer à apprendre		not legal or fair
fight like hell commencer à apprendre		To use all of one's power or effort to fight against something
wilfully commencer à apprendre		in a way that is wilful (= intentional, or determined to do as you want)
foreseeable commencer à apprendre		A foreseeable event or situation is one that can be known about or guessed before it happens.
the Capitol commencer à apprendre		the building in which the US Congress meets
combat commencer à apprendre		a fight, especially during a war
senator commencer à apprendre		a politician who has been elected to a Senate
congressman commencer à apprendre		a man who belongs to a congress, especially a member of the US House of Representatives
the First Amendment commencer à apprendre		guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.
infer commencer à apprendre		to form an opinion or guess that something is true because of the information that you have
imminent commencer à apprendre		coming or likely to happen very soon
rip things up commencer à apprendre		to tear something into small pieces
the Supreme Court commencer à apprendre		the most important law court in the US
counsel commencer à apprendre		to give advice, especially on social or personal problems
prevail commencer à apprendre		to get control or influence
remedy commencer à apprendre		a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty
convicted commencer à apprendre		having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
agonisingly commencer à apprendre		in a way that causes extreme physical or mental pain
entitled commencer à apprendre		feeling that you have the right to do or have what you want without having to work for it or deserve it, just because of who you are
dismissal commencer à apprendre		an act by a judge of formally stopping a trial in a court of law
leeway commencer à apprendre		freedom to act within particular limits
play out commencer à apprendre		When a situation plays out, it happens and develops
inauguration commencer à apprendre		the act of officially putting someone into an important position, or the ceremony at which this is done
conspiracy theory commencer à apprendre		a belief that an event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people
confound commencer à apprendre		to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation
deep state commencer à apprendre		organizations such as military, police, or political groups that are said to work secretly in order to protect particular interests and to rule a country without being elected
day of reckoning commencer à apprendre		a time when the effect of a past mistake is experienced or when a crime is punished
prominent commencer à apprendre		very well known and important
elite /iˈliːt/ commencer à apprendre		the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society
oath commencer à apprendre		a promise, especially that you will tell the truth in a law court
seep commencer à apprendre		to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
fracturing commencer à apprendre		dividing an organization or society
right-wing commencer à apprendre		the political right
irreparably commencer à apprendre		in a way that is impossible to repair or make right again
extremist /ɪkˈstriː.mɪst/ commencer à apprendre		someone who has beliefs that most people think are unreasonable and unacceptable
Neo-Nazi commencer à apprendre		a member of an organization similar to the German Nazi Party.
capitalise commencer à apprendre		to get as much out of a situation as possible; take advantage of
seek sb/sth out commencer à apprendre		to look for someone or something, especially for a long time until you find him, her, or it
convert commencer à apprendre		to (cause something or someone to) change in form or character
distraught commencer à apprendre		extremely worried, nervous, or upset
sweep commencer à apprendre		to move, especially quickly and powerfull, influence an area
keep faith commencer à apprendre		to continue to support something or someone, or to do what you promised to do in a particular thing
reassure commencer à apprendre		to comfort someone and stop them from worrying
evil deeds commencer à apprendre		an intentional, very bad act
double down commencer à apprendre		increase effors or focus
inmate commencer à apprendre		a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
compound commencer à apprendre		an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of buildings
8chan and 8kun commencer à apprendre		message boards filled with extreme language and views, violence and extreme sexual content on which Q posts
purveyor /pɚˈveɪ.ɚ/ commencer à apprendre		a person or business that provides goods or services
chunk commencer à apprendre		a part of something, especially a large part
steadfast commencer à apprendre		staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly
dupe commencer à apprendre		to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do
cabal kəˈbɑːl/ commencer à apprendre		a small group of people who plan secretly to take action, especially political action
outlet commencer à apprendre		a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of
conspiratorial commencer à apprendre		relating to a secret plan to do something bad, illegal, or against someone's wishes
mindset commencer à apprendre		a person's way of thinking and their opinions
constitutional commencer à apprendre		allowed by or contained in a constitution
constitutionality commencer à apprendre		the quality of being allowed by or contained in a constitution
impending commencer à apprendre		used to refer to an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to happen soon
the House commencer à apprendre		the members of the organization that makes laws
circuit court commencer à apprendre		a court that tries cases in different places within the area under its authority
the Constitution commencer à apprendre		the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs
the incumbent president commencer à apprendre		current president
bogus commencer à apprendre		false, not real, or not legal
legal expert commencer à apprendre		a professional in questions to do with the law
former president commencer à apprendre		previous president
Under the Constitution commencer à apprendre		accordingly to the Constitution
treason commencer à apprendre		(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
bribery commencer à apprendre		an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
misdemeanor commencer à apprendre		a crime considered to be one of the less serious types of crime
precedent commencer à apprendre		an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made
scholar commencer à apprendre		a learned person
op-ed /ˌɑːpˈed/ commencer à apprendre		used to describe a piece of writing that expresses a personal opinion and is usually printed in a newspaper opposite the page on which the editorial is printed
respectively commencer à apprendre		in a way that relates or belongs to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned
subsequently commencer à apprendre		after something else
disqualify commencer à apprendre		to officially stop someone from being in a competition or doing something because they are not suitable or they have done something wrong
tribe commencer à apprendre		a group of people, often of related families, who live together, sharing the same language, culture, and history, especially those who do not live in towns or cities
have a bearing on sth commencer à apprendre		to have an influence on something or a relationship to something
barred commencer à apprendre		blocked
the primary evidence commencer à apprendre		The best evidence that the circumstances admit; original or firsthand evidence that affords the greatest certainty of the matter in question
the gavel commencer à apprendre		a small hammer that an official in charge of a meeting hits against a wooden block or table to get people to be quiet and listen
litigation /ˌlɪt̬.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ commencer à apprendre		the process of taking a case to a court of law so that a judgment can be made
jurisdiction commencer à apprendre		the authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments
acquit commencer à apprendre		to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
abrupt commencer à apprendre		sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant
landing card commencer à apprendre		form with your personal details and date of arrival
customs declaration form commencer à apprendre		form showing how much money and what goods are you carrying
vaccination certificate commencer à apprendre		paper proving you have had the necessary health injections
entry restrictions commencer à apprendre		rules about who can enter a country and for how long
spot check / random check commencer à apprendre		checks done without warning
sniffer dogs commencer à apprendre		specially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs
clear customs commencer à apprendre		take your bags through customs
port of entry commencer à apprendre		the port or airport where you first enter a country
political asylum commencer à apprendre		permission to stay in another country to avoid political persecution back home
economic migrants commencer à apprendre		people who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work
traffic offence commencer à apprendre		breaking the rules of the road and driving
fixed penalty commencer à apprendre		fixed sum payable for a particular offence
on-the-spot fine commencer à apprendre		fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence
parking ticket commencer à apprendre		paper placed on driver's windscreen fining them for illegal parking
breathalyser commencer à apprendre		an instrument which you blow into that shows if you have consumed alcohol recently
make a statement commencer à apprendre		say what happened and sign a copy of it
stop-and-search power commencer à apprendre		power to stop people and search them in the street
surveillance cameras commencer à apprendre		cameras that record everything that happens
surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ commencer à apprendre		the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime that has happened or is expected
search warrant commencer à apprendre		official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house
magistrate commencer à apprendre		a person who acts as a judge in a law court that deals with crimes that are less serious
security forces commencer à apprendre		often a name for the army and police together enforcing the law
plain clothes/undercover police commencer à apprendre		police who don't wear uniform
paramilitary police commencer à apprendre		police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers
drug squad commencer à apprendre		police specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade
anti-corruption squad commencer à apprendre		police specially trained to discover and fight bribery
spot check commencer à apprendre		to check or inspect something in an irregular way
lorries (lorry) commencer à apprendre		a truck; a large road vehicle that is used for transporting goods
drink-driving commencer à apprendre		driving after you have drunk some alcohol
to tap sb's phone commencer à apprendre		to listen to sb's phone calls without them knowing about it
power to stop and search commencer à apprendre		power to stop people and search them in the street
(to carry out) surveillance operation commencer à apprendre		the art of monitoring a target or subject's activities through observation and close watch
(to set up) a roadblock commencer à apprendre		a temporary structure put across a road to stop traffic
photofit picture commencer à apprendre		computer-generated picture that represents as closely as possible a person's memory of a criminal's face, made by putting together photographs of eyes, nose, hair, etc. from a set showing different types of features
windscreen commencer à apprendre		windshield (US)
a witness TO sth commencer à apprendre		świadek
stowaway commencer à apprendre		a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage
a person who is being trafficed through a border commencer à apprendre		a person who is being trafficed through a border
plant sth (drugs) on someone commencer à apprendre		To place and conceal something in or among someone's possessions or clothing without their knowledge or permission.
the death penalty commencer à apprendre		the legal punishment of death for a crime
humane commencer à apprendre		showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
to botch sth commencer à apprendre		to spoil something by doing it badly
prolonged commencer à apprendre		continuing for a long time
condemn sb to (do) sth commencer à apprendre		to say what the punishment of someone who has committed a serious crime will be
lethal injection commencer à apprendre		an injection of a drug that kills someone, especially as a punishment for committing a crime
disturbing commencer à apprendre		making you feel worried or upset
to struggle to do sth commencer à apprendre		to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
death chamber / execution chamber commencer à apprendre		a room or chamber in which capital punishment is carried out
to liken sth to sth commencer à apprendre		to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else
to snore commencer à apprendre		to breathe in a very noisy way while you are sleeping
experimental commencer à apprendre		relating to tests, especially scientific ones
using or based on new ideas commencer à apprendre		using or based on new ideas
to file an appeal commencer à apprendre		to officially record a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
to file commencer à apprendre		to officially record something, especially in a law court
appeal commencer à apprendre		a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
emergency appeal commencer à apprendre		emergency appeal
an attorney (US) commencer à apprendre		a lawyer
an inmate commencer à apprendre		a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
a stay (of execution) commencer à apprendre		an order by a court to temporarily stop an action or an earlier court decision being carried out
to writhe commencer à apprendre		to make large twisting movements with the body
a gurney commencer à apprendre		a light bed on wheels, used to move patients in a hospital
to scramble to do sth commencer à apprendre		to hurry or try very hard to get sth, often competing with other people
to put a stop to sth commencer à apprendre		to stop an unpleasant, unwanted activity or habit from continuing
to pass away commencer à apprendre		to die
excruciating commencer à apprendre		extremely painful
a pool of blood commencer à apprendre		a small area of blood
a deterrent /dɪˈter.ənt/ commencer à apprendre		something that deters people from doing something
to languish commencer à apprendre		to exist in an unpleasant or unwanted situation, often for a long time
stooped to someone's level commencer à apprendre		to behave as badly as someone who has treated one wrongly
sentence commencer à apprendre		a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong
stooped commencer à apprendre		with the the top half of the body bent forward and down
heinous commencer à apprendre		very bad and shocking
abolish commencer à apprendre		to end an activity or custom officially
to tap someone's phone commencer à apprendre		to tap means to listen to phone calls without the people involved knowing
on death row commencer à apprendre		in prison and waiting to be killed as a punishment for a crime
to retract a confession commencer à apprendre		to take back a confession or to admit that a statement was false
(to be) on the fence commencer à apprendre		not able to decide something
hanging commencer à apprendre		the act of killing someone, especially as a punishment for a serious crime, by dropping that person with a rope tied around their neck
firing squad commencer à apprendre		Group of soldiers set to kill a prisoner as a punishment
stoning commencer à apprendre		to kill someone as a punishment by throwing stones at them
to be crucified commencer à apprendre		to be killed by tying or fastening with nails to a cross and left there to die
decapitation commencer à apprendre		beheading
burn at the stake commencer à apprendre		to be tied to a wooden pole and burnt to death as a punishment
coctail commencer à apprendre		a mixture of different things, often an unexpected, dangerous, or exciting one
A misscarriage of justice commencer à apprendre		a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
fitting penalty commencer à apprendre		appropriate, proper, suitable punishment
covering letter commencer à apprendre		a letter that you send with something, to explain what you are sending or to give extra information
career path commencer à apprendre		the way that you progress in your work, either in one job or in a series of jobs
promotion prospects commencer à apprendre		chances of getting a promotion
claim form commencer à apprendre		an official document that you use to request an amount of money from an organization, when you think you are owed it
reimburse commencer à apprendre		to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you
travel expenses commencer à apprendre		money that your employer pays you because you are spending that amount on travel that is necessary for your work
working conditions commencer à apprendre		the environment of the workplace
job description commencer à apprendre		a list of the responsibilities that you have and the duties that you are expected to perform in your work
favourable commencer à apprendre		showing that you like or approve of someone or something; positive
trial period commencer à apprendre		a period of time during which someone or something is tested
sick pay commencer à apprendre		money given by an employer to someone who cannot work because of illness
pension scheme commencer à apprendre		a system for saving money for your retirement
graduate commencer à apprendre		a person who has a first degree from a university or college
extra time commencer à apprendre		a period of time in a sports game in which play continues if neither team has won in the usual time allowed for the game
supplementary commencer à apprendre		additional
overtime commencer à apprendre		(time spent working) after the usual time needed or expected in a job
double time commencer à apprendre		twice the usual rate of pay for a job
sheer commencer à apprendre		used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except
labour commencer à apprendre		practical work, especially when it involves hard physical effort
industry commencer à apprendre		the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area
forefront commencer à apprendre		the most noticeable or important position
main commencer à apprendre		larger, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type
principal commencer à apprendre		first in order of importance
leading commencer à apprendre		very important or most important
odds commencer à apprendre		the probability that a particular thing will or will not happen
opportunity commencer à apprendre		a chance to do something
likelihood commencer à apprendre		the chance that something will happen
vocation commencer à apprendre		a type of work that you feel you are suited to doing and to which you should give all your time and energy, or the feeling that a type of work suits you in this way
vacancy commencer à apprendre		a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do
employment commencer à apprendre		the fact of someone being paid to work for a company or organization
steady commencer à apprendre		constant
takeover commencer à apprendre		a situation in which a company gets control of another company by buying enough of its shares
resignation commencer à apprendre		the act of telling your employer that you are leaving your job
notification commencer à apprendre		the act of telling someone officially about something, or a document, etc. that does this
retirement commencer à apprendre		the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually because you are old
dismissal commencer à apprendre		the situation in which an employer officially makes someone leave their job
productivity commencer à apprendre		the rate at which a company or country makes goods
substantial commencer à apprendre		large in size, value, or importance
investment commencer à apprendre		the action or process of investing money for profit or material result.
qualification commencer à apprendre		an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills
expertise commencer à apprendre		a high level of knowledge or skill
industrial action commencer à apprendre		an occasion when workers do something that is intended to force an employer to agree to something, especially by stopping work
dispute commencer à apprendre		an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers
representative commencer à apprendre		someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people
economize commencer à apprendre		to try to save money by reducing the amount that you are spending
streamlined commencer à apprendre		improved or made simpler
clarified commencer à apprendre		made clear
executive commencer à apprendre		someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
foreman commencer à apprendre		a skilled person with experience who is in charge of and watches over a group of workers
manufacturer commencer à apprendre		a company that produces goods in large numbers
trainee commencer à apprendre		a person who is learning and practising the skills of a particular job
agent commencer à apprendre		a person who acts for or represents another
industrialist commencer à apprendre		an owner or an employee in a high position in industry
labourer commencer à apprendre		a person who does unskilled physical work, especially outside
dealer commencer à apprendre		a person who trades in something
headhunt commencer à apprendre		to persuade someone to leave their job by offering that person another job with more pay and a higher position
tether commencer à apprendre		a rope or chain used to tie, especially an animal, to a post or other fixed place, usually so that it can move freely within a small area
the sack commencer à apprendre		a situation in which someone is removed from their job
grindstone commencer à apprendre		a large, round stone that is turned by a machine and is used to make tools sharper or sharp edges smooth
golden handshake commencer à apprendre		a usually large payment made to people when they leave their job
on the go commencer à apprendre		very busy
overlook commencer à apprendre		to fail to notice or consider something or someone
keep someone on their toes commencer à apprendre		to cause or force someone to be alert and ready for anything that might happen
complacent /kəmˈpleɪ.sənt/ commencer à apprendre		feeling so satisfied with your own abilities or situation that you feel you do not need to try any harder
right up your street/alley commencer à apprendre		to be the type of thing that you are interested in or that you enjoy doing
glass ceiling commencer à apprendre		a point after which you cannot go any further, usually in improving your position at work
living wage commencer à apprendre		money you earn from your job that is enough to pay for the things you need to live, such as food and a home
minimum wage commencer à apprendre		the smallest amount of money that employers are legally allowed to pay someone who works for them
whistleblower commencer à apprendre		a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company
cope with commencer à apprendre		to deal successfully with a difficult situation or job
vanishing commencer à apprendre		beginning to disappear
cease to exist commencer à apprendre		stop existing forever, to stop happening or continuing
economical commencer à apprendre		not costing or spending much money
economics commencer à apprendre		the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way money is managed
(unc.) commencer à apprendre		(unc.)
economic commencer à apprendre		relating to the economy of a particular country or region
economy commencer à apprendre		the system by which a country's trade, industry, and money are organized (countable)
familiar commencer à apprendre		well known to you, or easily recognized by you
replaced by commencer à apprendre		to take the place of something that was there before
linked commencer à apprendre		if people, things, or events are linked, they are related to each other in some way
key in sth commencer à apprendre		to enter information into a computer or other device using a keyboard or buttons:
dig deep commencer à apprendre		to manage to find a lot of money for something
handprint commencer à apprendre		a mark left by someone's hand
instance commencer à apprendre		a particular situation, event, or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally
attached commencer à apprendre		joined or fixed to something
pocket money commencer à apprendre		money that parents regularly give to their children
capacity commencer à apprendre		the amount of something that can be put in a container, or the number of people that a place has room for
capability commencer à apprendre		the ability to do something
sheer commencer à apprendre		used for emphasizing the amount or degree of something
complete commencer à apprendre		used for emphasizing that someone or something has a particular quality
He's a complete idiot! commencer à apprendre		He's a complete idiot!
spending power commencer à apprendre		the degree to which people have money to buy products and services
downright commencer à apprendre		completely or extremely: used for emphasizing how bad someone or something is
She was downright rude! commencer à apprendre		She was downright rude!
rattling commencer à apprendre		a sound similar to a series of quickly repeated knocks
haggle commencer à apprendre		to argue in order to agree on the price of something
have a nest-egg commencer à apprendre		to have some savings
expenditure commencer à apprendre		An amount of money spent.
to be in debt commencer à apprendre		to owe money to someone
thrifty commencer à apprendre		careful about how you spend money so that you do not waste any
to be paid on commission commencer à apprendre		an extra amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
We lend money commencer à apprendre		We let people borrow from us
wage commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you earn for working, usually according to how many hours or days you work each week or month
salary commencer à apprendre		a fixed amount of money that you earn each month or year from your job
current account commencer à apprendre		a bank account that you can take money out of whenever you want using a cheque or a cash card. The American word is checking account.
household bills commencer à apprendre		bills such as gas or water
savings account commencer à apprendre		a bank account that earns interest
(earn) interest commencer à apprendre		money that you receive from an institution such as a bank when you keep money in an account there
rate commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that is paid or charged
down payment commencer à apprendre		a first payment that you make when you are buying something and are going to pay the rest later
(monthly) instalments commencer à apprendre		one of several payments that an amount is divided into, so that you do not have to pay the whole amount at one time
stock market commencer à apprendre		the activities connected with buying and selling shares in companies
= stock exchange commencer à apprendre		= stock exchange
business venture commencer à apprendre		a new business or business activity, especially one that involves risk
fall through commencer à apprendre		fail to happen
raise capital commencer à apprendre		get money to put into a business
tax return commencer à apprendre		form used to file income taxes
(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year) commencer à apprendre		(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year)
self-employed commencer à apprendre		working for yourself
grant commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back. (Money that you have to pay back is called a loan)
scholarship commencer à apprendre		COUNTABLE an amount of money that an organization gives to someone so that they can study at a particular school or university
subsidy commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
fetch commencer à apprendre		to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at an auction
take out commencer à apprendre		to get something officially, especially from an insurance company, bank, or law court
withdraw commencer à apprendre		to take money from a bank account
receipts commencer à apprendre		the total amount of money that a business or organization receives in a particular period of time
takings commencer à apprendre		all the money that a business gets from selling things
prosperous commencer à apprendre		rich and successful
fortunate commencer à apprendre		lucky
wealthy commencer à apprendre		very rich
costly commencer à apprendre		expensive, especially too expensive
priceless commencer à apprendre		too valuable to be measured by price
valueless commencer à apprendre		without worth
worthless commencer à apprendre		without value; not worth anything
settle commencer à apprendre		to pay all the money that you owe to a particular person or company
fall in value commencer à apprendre		depreciate
come into a fortune commencer à apprendre		to get some money unexpectedly, usually by inheritance
invest commencer à apprendre		to use your money with the aim of making a profit from it, for example by buying property or buying shares in a company
made redundant commencer à apprendre		to lose your job because the company has no longer work available for you
qualified for early retirement commencer à apprendre		...
booming business commencer à apprendre		experiencing a period of economic success, with a lot of trade and business activity
to be declared bankrupt commencer à apprendre		bankrupt has officially admitted that they have no money and cannot pay what they owe
account commencer à apprendre		an arrangement in which a bank looks after your money. You can deposit (=put in) or withdraw (=take out) money when you need to
acordingly commencer à apprendre		in a way that is suitable or right for the situation
make a wise investment commencer à apprendre		to invest your money in a good way
competitive (loan) commencer à apprendre		offering goods or services at cheaper prices than other companies
mortgage /ˈmɔː(r)ɡɪdʒ/ commencer à apprendre		a legal agreement in which you borrow money from a bank in order to buy a house. You pay back your ... by making monthly payments
on the market commencer à apprendre		available for sale
(maintain account) in credit commencer à apprendre		to have more money in an account than the amount that you have taken out
financial advice commencer à apprendre		Information, advice, and assistance with a wide range of financial topics.
free of charge commencer à apprendre		without payment
stocks commencer à apprendre		money that people invest in the government, producing a fixed rate of interest
share commencer à apprendre		one of the equal parts of a company that you can buy as a way of investing money
currency commencer à apprendre		the system of money used in a particular country
enterprise commencer à apprendre		an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
free enterprise commencer à apprendre		an economic system in which private businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services in order to make a profit, and in which government control is limited to protecting the public and running the economy
firmly commencer à apprendre		used for saying that an idea, feeling etc is fixed and unlikely to change
asking price commencer à apprendre		the price that someone wants for something they are selling
pension fund commencer à apprendre		money that employees of a company pay regularly to be invested to provide them with a pension when they are older
insurance claim commencer à apprendre		formal request to the insurance company for reimbursement for a loss or accident
sales figures commencer à apprendre		a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
raise a loan commencer à apprendre		to take OUT a loan
credit rating commencer à apprendre		financial information about someone that a bank or shop uses for deciding whether to lend them money or to give them credit
take over commencer à apprendre		to take control of something
independent financial adviser commencer à apprendre		a person who gives advice about and sells investments, insurance and other financial products but who does not work for a bank or insurance company
concerning commencer à apprendre		about a particular subject
inconvenience commencer à apprendre		an annoying problem or situation, especially one that forces you to make an extra effort to do something
endeavour /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ commencer à apprendre		an effort to do something, especially something new or difficult
time slot commencer à apprendre		a time when something can happen or is planned to happen, especially when it is one of several possible times
invoice commencer à apprendre		a document giving details of goods or services that someone has bought and must pay for
delayed commencer à apprendre		later than is planned or expected
dispatch commencer à apprendre		to send someone or something somewhere
maintain commencer à apprendre		to make something stay the same
goodwill gesture commencer à apprendre		a feeling of wanting to be friendly and helpful to someone
deducting commencer à apprendre		to take an amount or number from a total
cheque commencer à apprendre		a piece of printed paper that you can use instead of money to pay for things.
enclosed commencer à apprendre		sent in an envelope with a letter
appreciate commencer à apprendre		to be grateful for something
acknowledgement commencer à apprendre		a letter telling you that someone has received something you sent them
freepost commencer à apprendre		a system in the UK by which businesses pay the charges for letters that their customers send to them
consult sb about sth commencer à apprendre		...
volatile explosive commencer à apprendre		highly unstable unpredictable
subsidy commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
allowance commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that someone receives regularly, in order to pay for the things they need
fine commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you have to pay because you have broken the law
grant commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back.
pension commencer à apprendre		money that someone regularly receives after they have stopped working because of their age, paid either by their company or by the government
exceed commencer à apprendre		to go or be beyond the limit or expectations
target commencer à apprendre		aim, goal
bonus commencer à apprendre		extra money that you are paid in addition to your usual salary
donation commencer à apprendre		money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people
gratuity commencer à apprendre		a small amount of money that you give to someone to thank them for doing something for you
premium commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you pay regularly for an insurance policy
income tax commencer à apprendre		tax on earnings
annual income commencer à apprendre		The total amount of income an individual earns in a year from working, interest income, dividends, gifts, and so forth.
expenditure commencer à apprendre		money spent by a government, organization, or person
expense /ɪkˈspens/ commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you spend in order to buy or do something
price commencer à apprendre		The amount of money exchanged for a good or service
penalty commencer à apprendre		a punishment for breaking a rule or law
ransom commencer à apprendre		the amount of money that someone wants to be paid before they will let a person who they are keeping prisoner go free
reward commencer à apprendre		prize
aid commencer à apprendre		money, food, or other help that an organization or government gives to a country or area where people need it, for example because of a war or flood
loan commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, especially from a bank
supplement commencer à apprendre		to add extra money to the amount that you normally earn
implement commencer à apprendre		to make something such as an idea, plan, system, or law start to work and be used
commission commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
provision commencer à apprendre		the act of providing something that someone needs
fee commencer à apprendre		money that you pay to a professional person or institution for their work
income commencer à apprendre		money that someone gets from working or from investing money
bear to commencer à apprendre		tolerate
give in commencer à apprendre		to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win
let out commencer à apprendre		to allow a person or animal to leave a place
part with commencer à apprendre		to give something to someone although you would prefer to keep it
pay off commencer à apprendre		if something that you do pays off, it brings you some benefit
bulk commencer à apprendre		something that is very large, wide, and solid
gross /ɡrəʊs/ commencer à apprendre		a gross amount of money is the total amount before taxes or costs have been taken out
mass commencer à apprendre		a large quantity or number
wholesale /ˈhoʊl.seɪl/ commencer à apprendre		relating to the business of selling large quantities of goods, especially to people who are going to sell them in a shop / hutrownia
net income commencer à apprendre		income that is left after tax has been paid)
alter commencer à apprendre		to change or modify
to cash commencer à apprendre		to exchange a cheque for its value in notes and coins
a postal order (UK), a money order(US) commencer à apprendre		an official piece of paper with an amount of money written on it that you can send or give to someone who can then exchange it for the same amount of money at a post office
penniless commencer à apprendre		without money; poor
well deserved commencer à apprendre		that someone completely deserves to have because of the way they have behaved or the qualities they have
well off commencer à apprendre		rich, wealthy
spare sth for commencer à apprendre		available to be shared, or given to someone, because it is additional to what you need for yourself
provide commencer à apprendre		to give someone something that they want or need
exemption commencer à apprendre		permission to ignore something such as a rule, obligation, or payment
concern commencer à apprendre		to worry
impose commencer à apprendre		to introduce something such as a new law or new system, and force people to accept it
regard commencer à apprendre		to think of someone or something in a particular way
benefit commencer à apprendre		advantage
winning commencer à apprendre		used about things that make someone attractive or successful
permit commencer à apprendre		an official document that gives you permission to do something
estimates commencer à apprendre		an amount that you guess or calculate using the information available
receipts commencer à apprendre		a document that you get from someone showing that you have given them money or goods
salary commencer à apprendre		A fixed amount of money paid to an employee, usually worker of the higher rank
wage commencer à apprendre		An amount of money paid to an employee at a specific rate per hour worked.
alimony commencer à apprendre		payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce
upkeep commencer à apprendre		maintenance
duty commencer à apprendre		import tax
interest commencer à apprendre		money that a person or institution such as a bank charges you for lending you money
fare commencer à apprendre		the money that you pay for a journey
to deposit commencer à apprendre		to put money into an account
government bonds commencer à apprendre		a document given to someone who invests money in a government or company, promising to pay back the money with interest
saving account commencer à apprendre		a bank account that earns interest
beads commencer à apprendre		little round jewelery for necklaces and bracelets
cattle commencer à apprendre		cows and bulls kept by farmers for their milk or meat.
exchange rate commencer à apprendre		the value of the money of one country when you change it into the money of another country
a deposit commencer à apprendre		a first payment that you make when you agree to buy something expensive such as a car or house. The rest of the money that you pay later is called the balance
dividend commencer à apprendre		a share of the profits of a company, paid once or twice a year to the people who own the company's shares
legacy commencer à apprendre		an amount of money or property left to someone in a will
overdraft commencer à apprendre		an agreement with your bank that allows you to spend money when you have no money left in your account
royalties commencer à apprendre		a payment that someone such as a writer or musician gets each time their work is sold or performed
shareholder commencer à apprendre		an owner of shares in a company
going rate commencer à apprendre		the usual amount of money that people are paying for something
tax relief commencer à apprendre		The payment of less tax
assistance commencer à apprendre		help or support
clasp commencer à apprendre		to hold someone or something tightly with your hand
grasp commencer à apprendre		hold firmly
seize commencer à apprendre		to gain control in a situation
tackle commencer à apprendre		to make an organized and determined attempt to deal with a problem, often a social problem such as crime or unemployment
inheritance commencer à apprendre		property or money that you receive from someone when they die
dowry commencer à apprendre		money and property that, in some cultures, a woman's family gives to her husband when they get married
heirloom /ˈer.luːm/ commencer à apprendre		a valuable or special possession that has belonged to a family for many years
heritage commencer à apprendre		legacy or tradition
assets commencer à apprendre		something such as money or property that a person or company owns
abundance commencer à apprendre		a very large quantity of something
overflow commencer à apprendre		an extra amount of people or things that do not fit into a particular space
surplus /ˈsɝː.pləs/ commencer à apprendre		more of something than is necessary
contribution commencer à apprendre		a regular payment that you make when you are working that helps to pay for your pension or for benefits for people who are unemployed or ill
tribute commencer à apprendre		to say or do something that shows you respect and admire someone a lot
subscription commencer à apprendre		an agreement to pay an amount of money so that you will receive something such as a magazine or a service.
unscrupulous commencer à apprendre		having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair
fall prey to commencer à apprendre		become a victim of
sacrifice commencer à apprendre		something given up for the sake of another
scapegoat commencer à apprendre		someone who is blamed for something that is not their fault, especially because someone else wants to avoid being blamed
windfall commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that you get when you are not expecting it, especially a large amount
striking commencer à apprendre		attracting your interest or attention because of some unusual feature
stringent commencer à apprendre		stringent rules or conditions are strict and make you achieve high standards
substantial commencer à apprendre		of considerable importance, size, or worth
palpable commencer à apprendre		obvious or very easily noticed
tangible commencer à apprendre		important and noticeable; something that is tangible is something that you can touch
split the difference commencer à apprendre		to do, give, or take an amount of something that is between two other amounts, often as a way of reaching an agreement
mint commencer à apprendre		to make a coin from metal
mould commencer à apprendre		to give something a particular shape or form
dole queue commencer à apprendre		the number of people who do not have a job and who are receiving money from the government
liable for commencer à apprendre		legally responsible for
hurl commencer à apprendre		to throw something using a lot of force
lob commencer à apprendre		to throw something so that it goes high into the air
toss commencer à apprendre		to throw something somewhere gently or in a slightly careless way
wide of the mark commencer à apprendre		incorrect
broad commencer à apprendre		very wide
distant commencer à apprendre		far away
Western World commencer à apprendre		Any part of the world to the west of one's own region; applied specifically to the Americas and the Caribbean, or to Europe, as opposed to the Middle East and Orient.
deviation commencer à apprendre		the action of doing something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving
differentiation commencer à apprendre		the act of showing or finding difference between things that are compared
distance commencer à apprendre		the amount of space between two places
per annum commencer à apprendre		by the year; annually
annex commencer à apprendre		1. to take possession of an area of land or a country and add it to a larger area, usually by force
2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building commencer à apprendre		2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building
3. an addition to a document or report commencer à apprendre		3. an addition to a document or report
increment commencer à apprendre		one of a series of increases
prize commencer à apprendre		something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work
subsidise commencer à apprendre		to pay part of the cost of something
contribute commencer à apprendre		to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
endow commencer à apprendre		to give a large amount of money to pay for creating a college, hospital, etc. or to provide an income for it
deduction commencer à apprendre		the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the known facts, or the decision that is reached
discount commencer à apprendre		a reduction in the usual price
rebate commencer à apprendre		an amount of money that is returned to you, especially by the government, for example when you have paid too much tax
share price commencer à apprendre		the price of a particular company's shares
the Stock Exchange commencer à apprendre		a place where shares in companies are bought and sold, or the organization of people whose job is to do this buying or selling
plunge commencer à apprendre		to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something
recover commencer à apprendre		to become successful or normal again after being damaged or having problems
regain commencer à apprendre		to reach or return to a place, especially after difficulty or danger
restore commencer à apprendre		to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position
retrieve commencer à apprendre		to find and bring back something
bankrupt commencer à apprendre		unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts; having no money
charge commencer à apprendre		to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity
liability commencer à apprendre		debts
promise commencer à apprendre		to tell someone that you will certainly do something
capital commencer à apprendre		money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business
bound up commencer à apprendre		closely connected or involved
knotted commencer à apprendre		joined by having been tied together in a knot, or containing a knot or knots
lock up commencer à apprendre		an agreement or period of time during which someone cannot get back the money they have invested
tie up something commencer à apprendre		to limit someone's or something's movement or use
tax refund commencer à apprendre		money you recieve when you overpaid your taxes
creditor commencer à apprendre		a person or company that is owed money by another person or company
child support (BrE) child maintenance (AmE) commencer à apprendre		money that you pay to your ex-wife or ex-husband to help your children after you are divorced
to be overdrown commencer à apprendre		if you are overdrawn, or if your bank account is overdrawn, you owe your bank money that you have spent when there was no money in your account
to hoard money commencer à apprendre		to have a large amount
tax evasion commencer à apprendre		the use of illegal methods to pay less tax or to pay no tax at all
subsidiary commencer à apprendre		a company that is owned by a larger company
demographic timebomb commencer à apprendre		a predicted shortage of school-leavers and consequently of available workers, caused by an earlier drop in the birth rate, resulting in an older workforce
egalitarian commencer à apprendre		supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the same money and opportunities
to draw money out commencer à apprendre		to take your money form your bank account
obtain commencer à apprendre		to get
deficit commencer à apprendre		A deficiency or lack of something
deterioration commencer à apprendre		the process of becoming worse than before
devaluation commencer à apprendre		an official reduction in the value of a country's money
specimen signature commencer à apprendre		a copy of your name written by yourself that a bank or other organization keeps so that they can be sure that your name on a cheque or other document was also written by you:
cater commencer à apprendre		to provide food and drinks at an event
subtract commencer à apprendre		to take away a small part of something
branch commencer à apprendre		part of organisation
quarter commencer à apprendre		a part of a town where you find particular buildings, activities, or people
the Chinese quarter of the city commencer à apprendre		the Chinese quarter of the city
assure commencer à apprendre		to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true, especially in order to remove doubt about it
ensure commencer à apprendre		to make something certain to happen
insure commencer à apprendre		to protect yourself against risk by regularly paying a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you are killed or injured or if your home or possessions are damaged, destroyed, or stolen
extract commencer à apprendre		to remove a substance from another substance
encased commencer à apprendre		to cover or enclose something completely:
The medal was encased in clear plastic. commencer à apprendre		The medal was encased in clear plastic.
a form of identification commencer à apprendre		a document that can prove your identity
safekeeping commencer à apprendre		the act of protecting something
lender/creditor commencer à apprendre		an organization or person that lends money.
borrower/debtor [ˈdetə(r)] commencer à apprendre		person who borrows money or uses credit
sliding scale commencer à apprendre		a system of making payments or paying taxes where the amount that you pay changes according to a fixed set of rates
gauge commencer à apprendre		to make a judgment or guess about a situation, action, or person based on the information that you have
I failed to gaug commencer à apprendre		I failed to gaug
enquiries commencer à apprendre		a question intended to get information about someone or something
arouse commencer à apprendre		to cause an emotion or attitude
elicit commencer à apprendre		to make someone react in the way that you want
extort commencer à apprendre		to illegally get money or information from someone by using force or threats
financial backing commencer à apprendre		support in the form of money
cash flow commencer à apprendre		the difference between cash coming in and cash going out of a business
cashing up commencer à apprendre		to count and check all the money that a shop has received in a day
petty cash commencer à apprendre		a small amount of money in coins or notes that a business or organization keeps available to pay for small things
overdue commencer à apprendre		a payment that is overdue should have been paid before now
indebted commencer à apprendre		owing money
unbalanced commencer à apprendre		mentally ill
counterfeit commencer à apprendre		illegal copies made in order to trick people
mimic commencer à apprendre		o copy someone's voice, behaviour, or appearance, especially in order to make people laugh or to make someone feel annoyed or embarrassed
mock commencer à apprendre		not real but intended to look or seem real
takes your fancy commencer à apprendre		you like it, or you want to have or do it
to beat sb up commencer à apprendre		to hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking them repeatedly
to toil commencer à apprendre		to work hard (especially physically)
a beam commencer à apprendre		a long, thick piece of wood, metal, or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure
to put your life on the line commencer à apprendre		To put oneself in harm's way to achieve something, especially at the risk of losing one's life. (Sometimes used hyperbolically.)
to catch fire commencer à apprendre		to start burning
cut commencer à apprendre		throat- competing in a strong and unfair way, without considering any harm caused to others (np. business)
at the sharp end commencer à apprendre		the part of an activity, such as a job, where the most problems are likely to be found
a slut commencer à apprendre		a woman who has sexual relationships with a lot of men without any emotional involvement or UK: a woman who is usually untidy and lazy
to meet a deadline commencer à apprendre		to finish work on time, by the agreed date.
to churn sth out commencer à apprendre		to produce large amounts of something quickly, usually something of low quality- substandard; of inferior quality
the high street commencer à apprendre		a street where the most important shops and businesses in a town are
a death trap commencer à apprendre		something that is very dangerous and could cause death
to give way to sth commencer à apprendre		to be replaced by something, especially because it is better, cheaper, easier, etc
torchlight commencer à apprendre		light given by torches
to regain consciousness commencer à apprendre		to become conscious again: to wake up
a pillar commencer à apprendre		a strong column made of stone, metal, or wood that supports part of a building
an official commencer à apprendre		a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization
to assure sb commencer à apprendre		to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry
to be riddled with sth commencer à apprendre		to be fulled of; If a plan or system, etc. is riddled with bad features, such as mistakes, it is full of them
a garment commencer à apprendre		a piece of clothing
a succession of commencer à apprendre		a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other
in succession commencer à apprendre		happening one after another
to cast a shadow over commencer à apprendre		to spoil a good situation with something unpleasant
to clean up one's act commencer à apprendre		to change the way you behave, so that you stop doing bad or dishonest things
in the space of + time period commencer à apprendre		before the end of (a stated time): in (a stated time) or less
apparel commencer à apprendre		clothes, esp. of a special type; np: women's
by no means commencer à apprendre		not in any way
to back sth commencer à apprendre		to give support to someone or something
to crumble commencer à apprendre		to break, or cause something to break, into small piece
notoriously commencer à apprendre		/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs.li/ in a way that is famous for something bad
to stand up for one's rights commencer à apprendre		to defend one's rights; to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked
to conceal sth commencer à apprendre		to prevent something from being seen or known about
put up with commencer à apprendre		to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience, or someone who behaves unpleasantly
culpable commencer à apprendre		deserving to be blamed or considered responsible for something bad
infringed commencer à apprendre		broken (about human rights)
ad lib commencer à apprendre		said without any preparation or practice
swap commencer à apprendre		to give something and be given something else instead
flexible commencer à apprendre		can work in different ways, at different times, or in different places when it is necessary
dependable commencer à apprendre		you can have confidence in him, her, or it
hardworking commencer à apprendre		always putting a lot of effort and care into your work
creative commencer à apprendre		producing or using original and unusual ideas
resourceful commencer à apprendre		skilled at solving problems and making decisions on your own
methodical (also systematic?) commencer à apprendre		do things in a very ordered, careful way
proactive commencer à apprendre		(taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens)
ambitious commencer à apprendre		having a strong desire for success, achievement, power, or wealth)
motivated commencer à apprendre		very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do something
results-oriented (also goal-oriented?) commencer à apprendre		works hard to achieve good results in the tasks that they have been given
organised commencer à apprendre		People who plan things well and don't waste time
disciplined commencer à apprendre		behaving in a very controlled way
tenacious commencer à apprendre		unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something
independent commencer à apprendre		not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events, or things
open-minded commencer à apprendre		willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or different to your own
passionate about... commencer à apprendre		having very strong feelings or emotions
determined commencer à apprendre		wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
persistent commencer à apprendre		continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way
focused commencer à apprendre		giving a lot of attention to one particular thing
a team-player commencer à apprendre		someone who is good at working closely with other people
meticulous commencer à apprendre		giving or showing careful attention to every detail
empathetic commencer à apprendre		having the ability to imagine how someone else feels
patient commencer à apprendre		the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed
thorough commencer à apprendre		paying close attention to detail
conscientious commencer à apprendre		putting a lot of effort into your work
gregarious commencer à apprendre		liking to be with other people
introvert commencer à apprendre		someone who is shy, quiet, and prefers to spend time alone rather than often being with other people
a problem solver commencer à apprendre		finding solutions to problems
a people person commencer à apprendre		someone who is friendly and enjoys meeting and talking to people
sociable commencer à apprendre		like to meet and spend time with other people
a born leader commencer à apprendre		someone with an innate capacity to effectively manage and lead groups of people to achieve collective goals
a go-getter commencer à apprendre		someone who is very energetic, determined to be successful, and able to deal with new or difficult situations easily
relish commencer à apprendre		to like or enjoy something
thrive commencer à apprendre		to grow, develop, or be successful
shrinking habitats commencer à apprendre		places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size
endangered species commencer à apprendre		types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing
global warming commencer à apprendre		steady rise in average world temperatures
climate change commencer à apprendre		changes in the weather/climate
carbon dioxide emissions commencer à apprendre		carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
fossil fuels commencer à apprendre		coal, oil, etc.
greenhouse effect commencer à apprendre		warming of the Earth's surface caused by pollution
exerts severe pressure on commencer à apprendre		formal: puts pressure on
finite resources commencer à apprendre		limited resources
ecological balance commencer à apprendre		balance of natural relationships in the environment
deforestation commencer à apprendre		destruction/clearing of forests
demographic projections commencer à apprendre		forecasts about the population
the worst case scenario commencer à apprendre		the worst possibilities for the future
pristine environment commencer à apprendre		perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt area
green credentials commencer à apprendre		reputation for positive support of the environment
prophets of doom and gloom commencer à apprendre		people who always make the most depressing or pessimistic predictions about the future
sustainable development commencer à apprendre		development of industry, etc. wich does not threaten the environment or social and economic stability
piecemeal conservation commencer à apprendre		carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan
amphibian commencer à apprendre		able to live both on land and in water
climate commencer à apprendre		the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
demography commencer à apprendre		the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time
projection commencer à apprendre		a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have
sustainability commencer à apprendre		the quality of causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time
reptile commencer à apprendre		an animal that produces eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood warm
mammals commencer à apprendre		any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs
dire commencer à apprendre		saying that something very bad is going to happen
imminent /ˈɪmɪnənt/ commencer à apprendre		likely to happen very soon
nigh /naɪ/ commencer à apprendre		to be going to happen soon
assert commencer à apprendre		to state firmly that something is true
insofar as commencer à apprendre		to the degree that
time-honoured commencer à apprendre		done in the same way for a very long time
prophet of doom /ˈprɑː.fɪt/ commencer à apprendre		someone who always expects bad things to happen
a bit of a draught /dræft/ commencer à apprendre		a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room
to get caught in a downpour commencer à apprendre		to get caught in a large amount of rain that falls quickly
to stalk one's prey commencer à apprendre		prey - an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal
to become extinct commencer à apprendre		to die out
defunct /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ commencer à apprendre		not existing or working any more
to peel an apple commencer à apprendre		to remove the skin of a fruit
tame commencer à apprendre		(especially of animals) not wild or dangerous, either naturally or because of training or long involvement with humans
resource commencer à apprendre		a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
source commencer à apprendre		the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something
issue commencer à apprendre		a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics etc
well commencer à apprendre		a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas
off-shore commencer à apprendre		away from or at a distance from the coast
breed commencer à apprendre		a particular type of animal or plant
race commencer à apprendre		one of the main groups to which people are often considered to belong, based on physical characteristics that they are perceived to share such as skin colour, eye shape, etc.
hoof commencer à apprendre		the hard part on the bottom of the feet of animals such as horses, sheep, and deer (kopyto)
stable commencer à apprendre		building in which horses are kept
saddle commencer à apprendre		a leather seat on a horse:
sting stung stung commencer à apprendre		v: if an insect or an animal stings you, it hurts you by sticking a sharp part of its body into your skin n: a small but painful injury caused when an insect or animal makes a small hole in the skin
hive commencer à apprendre		a container in which bees live and make honey
buzz commencer à apprendre		the sound that insects make while flying
cub commencer à apprendre		a young bear, lion, fox, wolf, or other wild animal
whine commencer à apprendre		if something whines, it makes a high loud sound
lead commencer à apprendre		to take someone somewhere, by going with them n: a piece of rope, chain, etc. tied to an animal, especially to a dog at its collar when taking it for a walk:
kennel commencer à apprendre		a small, usually wooden, shelter for a dog to sleep in outside
flock commencer à apprendre		a group of sheep, goats, or birds
tusks commencer à apprendre		one of the two very long pointed teeth on an animal such as an elephant
trunk commencer à apprendre		an elephant's long nose
ivory /ˈaɪvəri/ commencer à apprendre		the yellowish-white bone that an elephant's tusks are made of
nocturnal commencer à apprendre		active at night
captivity commencer à apprendre		a situation in which wild animals are kept in a place such as a park or zoo instead of living in their natural environment
endangered species /ɪnˌdeɪndʒə(r)d ˈspiːʃiːz/ commencer à apprendre		a type of animal or plant that may soon become extinct (=disappear from the world)
environmentalist commencer à apprendre		someone who wants to protect the environment
fierce /fɪə(r)s/ commencer à apprendre		very angry, or ready to attack
mothering instincts commencer à apprendre		natural tendency to behave like a mother
abundant commencer à apprendre		existing or available in large quantities
maturity commencer à apprendre		the qualities and behaviour that you would expect of a sensible adult
handful commencer à apprendre		a very small number of people or things
epitomize /ɪˈpɪtəmaɪz/ commencer à apprendre		to be the best possible example of a particular type of person or thing
diversity /daɪˈvɜː(r)səti/ commencer à apprendre		the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place
glacier commencer à apprendre		glacier
UK /ˈɡlæsiə(r)/ commencer à apprendre		UK / ˈɡlæsiə (r) /
USA /ˈɡleɪ.si.ɚ/ commencer à apprendre		a large mass of ice that moves slowly
vital (evidence) /ˈvaɪt(ə)l/ commencer à apprendre		very important, necessary, or essential
lump /lʌmp/ commencer à apprendre		1. a small hard part on or under your skin that is caused by illness or injury
2. someone lazy commencer à apprendre		2. someone lazy
wildebeest /ˈvɪldəˌbiːst/ commencer à apprendre		an African wild animal that is a type of antelope with curved horns
falconer commencer à apprendre		A hawk trainer
blossom commencer à apprendre		a flower on a tree, or all the flowers on a tree
soil commencer à apprendre		the substance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow
horizon commencer à apprendre		/həˈraɪz(ə)n/
litter commencer à apprendre		a group of baby cats, dogs, or other animals that are born at the same time
young commencer à apprendre		a group of young animals who belong to the same family
torrential commencer à apprendre		torrential rain falls fast in large amounts
pip commencer à apprendre		a small seed in a piece of fruit
stone commencer à apprendre		a large hard seed inside a piece of fruit
nut commencer à apprendre		a dry fruit that grows inside a hard shell on some types of tree and bush. Many kinds of nut can be eaten
climate change commencer à apprendre		changes in the world's weather, in particular the fact that it is believed to be getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
carbon footprint commencer à apprendre		Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
merely commencer à apprendre		used to emphasize that something is not large, important, or effective when compared to something else
a worst commencer à apprendre		case scenario- the most unpleasant or serious thing that could happen in a situation
an ice cap commencer à apprendre		a thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
a wildfire commencer à apprendre		a fire that is burning strongly and out of control on an area of grass or bushes in the countryside
a drought commencer à apprendre		a long period when there is little or no rain, /draʊt/
Literally simply or just commencer à apprendre		using the real or original meaning of a word or phrase used to emphasize what you are saying
out of this world commencer à apprendre		extremely good or impressive
a taskforce commencer à apprendre		a group of people who are brought together to do a particular job, or a large military group who have a military aim to achieve
to counteract commencer à apprendre		to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect
Eligible commencer à apprendre		having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions; An eligible person is not married and is thought to be a suitable future marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive
knock-on effect commencer à apprendre		When an event or situation has a knock-on effect, it causes other events or situations, but not directly
a trillion commencer à apprendre		the number 1,000,000,000,000
to diffuse sth commencer à apprendre		to (cause something to) spread in many directions
to divert commencer à apprendre		to cause something or someone to change direction
to send sb aquiver commencer à apprendre		to get sb excited
to get credit for sth commencer à apprendre		to get the glory, praise, approval
to scatter commencer à apprendre		to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sulphate (siarczan) commencer à apprendre		a chemical formed from sulphur, oxygen, and another element
high-latitude commencer à apprendre		the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90° (wysoka szerokość geograficzna)
dense commencer à apprendre		having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through; thick
to offset sth commencer à apprendre		to balance one effect against an opposing effect, so that there is no great difference as a result
if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation commencer à apprendre		if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation
needless to say commencer à apprendre		as you would expect; added to, or used to introduce, a remark giving information that is expected and not surprising:
a watchdog commencer à apprendre		a person or organization responsible for making certain that companies obey particular standards and do not act illegally
a moratorium commencer à apprendre		a stopping of an activity for an agreed amount of time
to blast sth commencer à apprendre		to destroy or explode sth with explosives
to knock sth off course commencer à apprendre		If you are headed in a particular direction in a small boat and something forcibly pushes you off your course ("path"), such as a strong wind and big waves—you've been knocked off course
Credible commencer à apprendre		able to be believed or trusted
to come up commencer à apprendre		to spend less, do less, or use less of something
to cut back commencer à apprendre		to do less of something, or use something in smaller amounts, especially money; to spend less
Integrity commencer à apprendre		honesty; the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
a thermostat commencer à apprendre		a device that keeps a building, engine, etc. within a limited temperature range by automatically switching the supply of heat on and off
a convert commencer à apprendre		/ˈkɑːn.vɝːt/ someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living
when pigs fly commencer à apprendre		something that will never happen, impossible, highly unlikely to happen
an advocate commencer à apprendre		/ˈæd.və.keɪt/ someone who publicly supports something
a back-up plan commencer à apprendre		another plan prepared in case the initial one fails
vast commencer à apprendre		huge
hubris commencer à apprendre		/ˈhjuː.brɪs/ a way of talking or behaving that is too proud
to rise to a challenge commencer à apprendre		take on a difficult task
to discourage commencer à apprendre		to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic, and positive about something, or less willing to do something
real commencer à apprendre		world-happening in the world or in someone's life rather than in a book, in the imagination, on the internet, etc.
tethered commencer à apprendre		/ˈteð.ɚd/ tied to a post or fixed to the ground with a rope or chain
a hose commencer à apprendre		a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires, gardens, etc
altitude commencer à apprendre		height above the sea level
to ice over commencer à apprendre		becoming covered with a layer of ice

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