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Gerund after PREPOSITIONS commencer à apprendre
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Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop commencer à apprendre
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Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence commencer à apprendre
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TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES commencer à apprendre
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This problem is difficult to solve.
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TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. commencer à apprendre
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TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON commencer à apprendre
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I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
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Stop! I'm tired of running. commencer à apprendre
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This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
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USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. commencer à apprendre
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Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
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USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. commencer à apprendre
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subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
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BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate commencer à apprendre
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subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
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GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. commencer à apprendre
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subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
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Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
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commencer à apprendre
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to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
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Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE commencer à apprendre
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Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
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commencer à apprendre
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to express when you would like a situation to be different.
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He wishes they were lying on the bed. commencer à apprendre
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to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. commencer à apprendre
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
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He wishes she handn't come over. commencer à apprendre
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to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
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To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE commencer à apprendre
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Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
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commencer à apprendre
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He wishes she would stop laughing.
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commencer à apprendre
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He wishes he could make her disappear.
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You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: commencer à apprendre
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RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art commencer à apprendre
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I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
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Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. commencer à apprendre
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Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
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commencer à apprendre
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He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic commencer à apprendre
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means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
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commencer à apprendre
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means "would prefer to...
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WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. commencer à apprendre
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
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commencer à apprendre
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WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. commencer à apprendre
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
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She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. commencer à apprendre
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Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
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Marilyn had a rather tender look. commencer à apprendre
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is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
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commencer à apprendre
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Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights commencer à apprendre
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
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the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. commencer à apprendre
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the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
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(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. commencer à apprendre
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Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
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The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. commencer à apprendre
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The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. commencer à apprendre
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
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commencer à apprendre
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Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes commencer à apprendre
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Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
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commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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commencer à apprendre
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for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
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commencer à apprendre
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with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
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commencer à apprendre
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and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
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commencer à apprendre
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in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
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commencer à apprendre
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because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
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commencer à apprendre
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so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
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commencer à apprendre
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but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
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commencer à apprendre
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firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
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commencer à apprendre
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at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
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commencer à apprendre
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obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
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commencer à apprendre
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surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
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commencer à apprendre
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A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
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A relative clause begins with a commencer à apprendre
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RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
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There are two types of relative clauses: commencer à apprendre
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NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
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commencer à apprendre
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The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine commencer à apprendre
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For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
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commencer à apprendre
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In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. commencer à apprendre
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For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
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commencer à apprendre
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There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
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The dog bit Julianne's leg. commencer à apprendre
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describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
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Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. commencer à apprendre
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describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
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The passive voice is formed with: commencer à apprendre
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It can also be formed by: commencer à apprendre
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All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. commencer à apprendre
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The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
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commencer à apprendre
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to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
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I would like him to be eaten too. commencer à apprendre
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The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
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commencer à apprendre
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I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
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There are two ways to repeat what another person said: commencer à apprendre
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DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
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commencer à apprendre
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uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
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commencer à apprendre
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She said she needed a friend.
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commencer à apprendre
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the past form of direct speech.
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commencer à apprendre
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She said she needed a friend.
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commencer à apprendre
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She said she was feeling alone.
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I've spent all Sundays watching TV. commencer à apprendre
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She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
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commencer à apprendre
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She said she would go to bed early.
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When direct speech uses a past form, commencer à apprendre
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reported speech doesn't change.
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commencer à apprendre
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I was looking for a better life. commencer à apprendre
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She said she was looking for a better life.
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