LECTURE 7

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question English réponse English
Grammar
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is a set of implicit rules that govern the formation of sentences. We may not know specific rules, but we obey them everytime we speak
Usage
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consists of specific rules people create for language to distinguish grammatically acceptable sentences from unacceptable ones in a social context
performance grammar
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refers to the way language is actually used by speakers in real-life communication
competence grammar
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the thereotical understanding of a language's rules
descriptive grammar
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an approach to understanding and explaining how a language is used naturally by its speakers. it describes the patters, structures and rules without prescribing what is correct or ideal
prescriptive grammar
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it provides recommendations on how language should be used, often based on traditional norms or conventions
formal grammar
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has clear rules that describe how sentences and words are structured in a language
Distributional properties
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in grammar look at how words fit into sentences, like whether they go with "was" or "were" in a sentence
inflectional properties
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in grammar are changes to words, like adding -s to "cat" to make it plural
derivational properties
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in grammar involve forming new words by adding affixes to change meaning or grammatical category
Person
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Relating to the speaker or others
Number
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singular/plural, countability
Gender
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natural (boy/he) and grammatical (German "das Madchen")
Case
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grammatical categories like subjective, agentive, objective, instrumental, possessive and local cases
Tense
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Deictic (now as zero point)
Mood
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indicative, imperative, subjunctive (commands, intentions etc)
Aspect
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perfective, imperfective, iterative, punctual, habitual, inchoative

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