law

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solicitor
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this person is a lawyer who gives legal advices to individuals and companies. He or she passed the exam of The Law Society of England & Wales at the end of his or her studies
attorney
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this person is a lawyer who gives legal advice to individuals and companies. He or she passed his or groom exams in the USA at the end of his or her studies and is usually a member of the American Bar Association
barrister
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this person is a lawyer who gives legal advice and opinions to solicitors. He or she passed the exams of The Bar Council at the end of his or her studies
litigation
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the process of making a claim in the civil court
represent their clients both in and out of court
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acting for clients
barrister
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self-employed, specialist in advocacy which is the skill of speaking for someone in court, we call this pleading a case, right of audience in court
criminal law
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the law that punishes acts against a person or against property that people consider to be harmful to the whole community. The state prosecutes criminal
civil law
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the law concerning the rights and duties of private individuals and companies other than criminal matters
a matter
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a subject or situation, e. g a criminal matter, a civil matter
a will
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a legal document in which a person gives details of what they want to happen to their property after their death
to steal (stole)
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to take something that belongs to someone else with the intention of keeping it
start a claim in the civil court
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filing a claim or issuing a claim or starting proceeding
prosecute
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only in criminal law
claimant (in USA plaintiff)
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the person who starts the claim
defendant
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other party from claimant
claim form
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the document that a claimant uses to start legal action against the defendant
court fee
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sum of amount that the claimant has to pay for the court to issue proceeding
to be in dispute
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to have a serious disagreement with another person
a party to a court case
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the claimant or the defendant
to owe money to someone
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to have to pay someone for something that they have done for you or given to you
legal costs
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the court fees and payment for the lawyers who are acting for the parties
a procedure
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a decided way of doing something
to prosecute
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to take legal action against someone in the criminal court
issue a claim
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start a claim in the civil court
pay a fee
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pay the court an amount of money for issuing the claim
serve a claim upon
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send the claim to the defendant's address and make sure that he or she receives it
respond to a claim
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confirm that you have received the claim and to say what you will do next
hear a case
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listen to the details of the claim and listen to what the claimant and the defendant say about their dispute
find in favour of someone
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decide that this person has won the case
give a judgment
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officially announce the result of the case. The judge may give the reasons for the decision
make an order
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officially state what someone has to do and how and when he or she must do it
bailiff
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can legally take a person's property when that person does not pay money that he or she owes
law of tort
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law of civil responsibility
law of tort
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says that everyone has a civil duty to be careful and not to hurt or harm another person. Lawyers call this civil duty "the duty of care"
breach
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break
action a tort
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1. Leaving the floor of a shop in a dangerous condition so that a customer falls and hurts her leg. 2. Saying something that is bad about someone, which isn't true.
action a tort
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3. Writing a negative story in newspaper about someone, which isn't true. 4. Playing loud music late every night, which disturbs your neighbours.
negligence
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is when someone is not careful enough and this person's carelessness hurts another person as a result. The person who is hurt is called the injured person
damages - compensation
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money from the careless person
to sue someone
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more informal way of saying starting proceeding against someone in a civil court
allegation - zarzut
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like an accusation
grounds
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the reasons for going to court
"no win no fee" arrangement
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the agreement is that if the client does not win the case then he or she does not have to pay for the lawyer's services
law
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law of contract, company law, land law, law of tort, law of equity and trusts, employment law, family law, immigration law, intellectual property law, criminal law
to deal with someone or something
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to do business with someone or to take the correct action in an area of work
legal
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allowed by the law
valid
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legally correct and acceptable
to draft a document
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to write a document
to have a right (in intellectual property law)
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to have a legal interest in something; it is yours
robber
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a person who steals money or property while using or threatening to use violence
a divorce
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the legal ending of a marriage
to merge (in company law)
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when two companies join together to form one
to be based somewhere
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to be established somewhere as the main place where you work or live
goods
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things that are produced so that they can be sold
fund - fundusz
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an amount of money that a person or organisation keeps to pay for something in particular
unfair dismissal - nieuzasadnione zwolnienie z pracy
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is a situation where someone loses his or her job for a reason that is not valid
lease of land and buildings - dzierżawa
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is an agreement to allow someone to use land or buildings for a fixed period of time in return for a payment of rent
formation of a business - tworzenie firmy
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is the establishment of a new business in a specific way
landlord - gospodarz
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is a person who owns a house, a flat or office and receives rent from someone for allowing them to live there, or use the building for business purpose
maternity leave - urlop macierzyński
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is the time period when a women is not at work before and after the birth of her baby. Her employer usually pays her for part or all of the time that she is away
to discriminate against someone means
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to behave differently towards that person, usually in the workplace, because of their age, sex or the colour of their skin
tenant - najemca
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is a person who pays rent to the owner of a house, a flat or an office in return for living there, or for using the building for business purpose
capital
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is the total amount of money, property and other assets that a business has
sick pay - zasiłek chorobowy
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is money that an employer must pay to an employee when that employee is ill and cannot work
to be insolvent means - upadłościowy
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not having enough money to pay your debts
conveyancing - przenoszenie tytułu własności
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is the legal process involved in transferring the ownership of a house or land from the seller to the buyer
redundancy - zwolnienie z nadmiaru pracowników
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is a situation where someone loses his or her job because an employer no longer needs so many employees
partnership - współpraca
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is a business which a minimum of two people own and control
merger - fuzja
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is the joining together of two or more things, such as companies, to form one single thing or company
real estate - nieruchomość
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is a more formal way of saying land and buildings
ownership
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to have ownership of a property means that the property belongs to you. You are the owner of the property
assets - majątek
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things that a person or company owns
debts
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sums of money that you owe
rent
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the money that someone pays, usually every month, to use a flat, a house or an office that belongs to someone else
fixed - ustalony
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something that is fixed is certain and cannot be changed
allegation
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make an - - against someone
breach
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a duty of care, contract
capital
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to raise -; - punishment; - of a company
case
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plead a case
client
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advice, represent
damages
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demand, pay, award
discriminate
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against someone
divorce
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to file for, get
draft
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contacts, documents
prosecutor
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conduct an investigation, prove guilt, prosecute, represent the government in criminal proceeding, prepare the case against defendant,
judge
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set a precedent, hear cases witnesses, rule on legal matters, deliver a ruling
notary
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execute documents, authenticate documents, notarise a signature, draw up contract, administer OATHS
lawyer
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draft pleading, advise about law, appear in court, practice law, act on behalf of a client, argue cases

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