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to add to sth so as to make it sufficient, supplement commencer à apprendre
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history hardly remembers the insignificant predecessors and successors whose reigns eke out the remainder of the years
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the part of something that is left after the other parts have gone, been used, or been taken away commencer à apprendre
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the remainder of the years
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untouched or unimpaired, left complete or perfect Pol. nienaruszony, nietknięty commencer à apprendre
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the resources of the provinces beyond the Bosphorus were intact.
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an accumulated store hidden away for future use Pol. skarb, zgromadzony zapas commencer à apprendre
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the great hoard of treasure
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to officially arrange for someone to have something that you own after your death Pol. zapisać, pozostawić w spadku komuś coś x4 commencer à apprendre
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the great hoard of treasure Anastasius had bequeathed to him.
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Pol. egzekwowanie, ściąganie (of taxes) commencer à apprendre
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The exaction of arbitrary customs dues was noxious to trade
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(of a government, ruler) despotic or dictatorial Pol. samowolny, bezwzględny commencer à apprendre
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The exaction of arbitrary customs dues was noxious to trade
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commencer à apprendre
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The exaction of customs dues
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commencer à apprendre
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The exaction of arbitrary customs dues was noxious to trade
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very bad, unpleasant, and shocking [= appalling] Pol. godny ubolewania, opłakany, żałosny commencer à apprendre
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The deplorable system of taxfarming
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a system for collecting taxes and other state revenues from the population. Under this system, the state transfers the right of collection to private individuals called tax farmers in exchange for a certain fee commencer à apprendre
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The deplorable system of taxfarming through middlemen was employed in many branches of the revenue.
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someone who buys things in order to sell them to someone else, or who helps to arrange business deals for other people commencer à apprendre
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The deplorable system of taxfarming through middlemen was employed in many branches of the revenue.
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money that the government receives from tax commencer à apprendre
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The deplorable system of taxfarming through middlemen was employed in many branches of the revenue.
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commencer à apprendre
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Landed proprietors were still mercilessly overtaxed
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to give someone permission not to do or pay something Pol. zwolnić kogoś z czegoś x4 commencer à apprendre
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they were exempt from military service
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the people who live in a country Pol. ludność, pospólstwo, gawiedź commencer à apprendre
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they provided free corn for the populace of Constantinople
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to illegally force someone to give you something, especially money, by threatening them commencer à apprendre
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Pol. wymuszenie, zdzierstwo commencer à apprendre
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a disadvantage of a situation, plan, product, etc. commencer à apprendre
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Yet in spite of all these drawbacks Justinian enjoyed an enormous and steady revenue.
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very difficult and unpleasant, and never seeming to improve commencer à apprendre
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The grinding taxation of Justinian's reign
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