jezykoznastwo

bilabial & plosive

sounds produced with both lips

morphology

structure od words

syntax

putting words together to create a sentence

semantics

studying the meaning

pramatics

analysing the context

symbols

are conventional, dont have anything in them to indicate the creature they are representing

signs

give examples they point to what they represent

language

is a sustem of signs with sevetal levels of organisation

the mama theory

language began with the easiest sylables being attached to the most significant objects

tata theory

language derived from gestures

bow wow

imigration of natural sounds, onomatopeia/echoism

pooh pooh

began with interjections, instinctive emotive cries such as oh and ouch

ding dong

mysterious correspondance between sounds and meanings, sound symbolism (small sharp high things tend to have words with high front vowels where big rough low things have round back vowels)

go heave ho

began as rythmic chants, perchaps from grunts of heavy work (calling for assistance or cooperation by gestures)

sing song

comes out of play, laughter, cooing, courtship, emotional mutterings. first words were long and musical rather than short grunts

hey you!

contact theory, began with sounds signaling identity and belonging

hocus pocus

language might have had roots in magical i religious aspects. perhaps we began by calling out to animals with magical sounds which later became their names

eureka! theory

conciously invented

monogenisis

language was invined just once whrn our ancestors had genetic and physioligical prioerties needed to invinte language

polygenesis

language was invinted many times

the divine source

in greek mythology prometeus was the one who gave humans language

the natural sounds source

first words were imitations of natutal sounds. another idea is tgat sounfs origin of language came from cries of emotion

physiological adaptation

humans have physical aspects that make the production of speech (teeth, lips, mouth, tounge, larynx, brain)

two major functions of language use

1. the interactional function 2. tge transactional function-communicating knowlage, skill and information

phonology

functions and distribution of speech words

morphemes

the smallest linguistic elements with a meaning/grammatical function. they cant be devided