gramatyka opisowa 1,2,3

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question English réponse English
parts of speech
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lexical categories
name of thing, animal, person, idea
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noun
action, state, phenomena, event process
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verb
modifies verb, adjective, other adverb
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adverb
modifies noun, like what
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adjective
cat
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noun
green
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adjective
run
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verb
drive SLOWLY
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adverb
QUITE beautiful
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adverb
VERY early
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adverb
replaces noun
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pronoun
 Przyimki, indicate relations in time, space, or grammatical functions
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preposition
 To, from, during, of, with, in front of, under
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preposition
join words or phrases
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conjunction
point at object, express references type
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determiner
replaces whole sentances (no)
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particle
approach to grammar rule driven
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prescriptive approach
approach to grammar, data driven, observe native speakers
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dercriptive approach
the actual belief or mental representation of a situation not necessarily verbalized  think to yourself without speaking to others  cognitive unit, psychological, conceptual, mental representation
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deep structure
 the linguistic expression of a belief or mental representation  thoughts to sentence, syntactic
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surface structure
(aspect) general state of affairs
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simple (aspect)
(aspect) action in progress
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progressive, continuous (aspect)
(aspect) expresses relativeness of the past to the present, teraźniejszy dokonany
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perfect (aspect)
Provides information, shares information (mood)
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declarative (mood)
requests information (mood)
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interrogative (mood)
requests action, information (mood)
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imperative (mood) (imperator rozkazuje)
How many cases in english?
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2, nominative and genetive
she, Susan, my sister, the girl in the picture
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noun phrase
has done, should have done, will do it, work, is
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verb phrase
big, very big, very big indeed (modifies noun phrase)
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adjective phrase
slowly, over there, right now (modifies very phrase)
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adverb phrase
at the bar (preposition + noun phrase)
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prepositional phrase
 A phrase which provides you with additional, optional information about the event described by the verb phrase
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adjunct
component of verb phrase, and it begins with a verb and ends with a verb
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verb group
is adjunct grammatically required?
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no
orzeczenie
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predicate
limited in quantity
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finate
doesn't contain tense
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non-finate
how word changes shape bc of grammar
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inflection
individual sound, smallest component of language
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phoneme
can a phoneme be a word or morpheme?
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yes (a)
 Meaningless phonemes are combined into meaningful morphemes
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true
smallest MEANINGFUL component of language
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morpheme
 Entry in dictionary that has independent meaning or syntactic function
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word
meaning of a word, semantic content of the word
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denotation
can a verb group be verb phrase?
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yes (have been sleeping)
noun phrase without determina
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nominal group
simple sentance (NP+VP)
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clause
bigger clause of 2+ clauses
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complex sentance
verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs
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lexical verb
describes verb (content word)
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common adverb
verbs like should, can, could, might, will etc
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modal verb
type of verb that takes a supportive role in a sentence, second to the main verb (be, have, done)
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auxilary verb
describes adjectives, adverbs (very, quite, so)
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degree adverb
words such as the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any, which are used before nouns
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determiner
substitute a person's name. They can also substitute any third-person noun in a sentence.
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personal pronoun
show that a noun owns or possesses something.
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possesive pronoun
come before a noun to modify it, just like an adjective.
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possesive determina
who, whom, which, what, whose, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever
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interrogative pronoun
representtion of a class of objects
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generic reference
two of more heads (husband and wife)
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coordinate phrase
strawberry
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polymorphemic word
wise- people, very-nice, very- slowly
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modifier+head
phoneme articulated in the vocal tract by creating obstruction to the air stream.
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consonant
phoneme articulated without obstruction to the air stream in the vocal tract. (Air travels freely)
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vowel
two kinds of phonemes?
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vowel, consonant
what is necessary for a syllable?
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a vowel
f, v
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labio-dental
p, b, m, ł
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bilabial
Ɵð
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dental
t, d, s, z, l,n
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alveolar
ś,ź, tś, dż
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alveo-palatal
j
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palatal
k, g, ng
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velar
h
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glottal
• P, b, t, d, k, g (short sound)
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plosive
ts, dz (short sound)
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affricate
• F, v, Ɵ, s, z, ś, ź, h (can prolong articulation)
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fricative
m, n, ng
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nasal
o Each consonant is described in terms of 3 features
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 Place of articulation  Manner of articulation  Voiced/voiceless
vowel+vowel, vowel+semi-vowel
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diphtong
o Different articulatory version of a phoneme; the change is not meaningfully distinct
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allophone
o The articulatory properties of a phoneme are affected by the articulatory properties of a neighbouring phoneme; in other words, a sound e.g., affects the preceding sound
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assimilation
o Friendship (d disappears) o We must talk (t disappears)
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elision
o Two words with ONE different phoneme (pin bin, tin sin, bed bid)
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minimal pairs
meaningless sounds can be combined into meaningful morphemes and words
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duality

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