Ecology

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animal that feeds on dead animals which it has not killed itself (padlinożerca)
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scavenger
behaves very gently (posłuszny, potulny)
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docile
not afraid of humans, usually because of training or long involvement with
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tamed
live with or are used by humans,
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domesticated
extremely violent or wild
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savage
behaves aggressively
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fierce
preferred natural place for living and breeding,
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natural habitat
when animals travel long distances to get to a different habitat
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migrate
died out,
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become extinct
areas of land where animals are protected from hunting.; game can be used to mean animals or birds that are hunted,
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game reserves / game parks
protected natural area where birds can live (rezerwat ptaków)
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a bird sanctuary
place where stray animals
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animal (rescue) shelter
someone or something out of touch or obsolete
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a dodo
sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals such as foxhunting
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blood sports
the selling of animal furs for coats, jackets, etc.,
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fur trade
people who hunt animals illegally (kłusownicy)
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poachers
the buying and selling of ivory from elephants’ tusks,
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the ivory trade
people who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals
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animal rights activists
hard, pointed, often curved part growing from the head of an animal (róg)
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horn
carnivore (noun)
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carnivorous (adjective)
herbivore (n)
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herbivorous (adj)
predator (n)
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predatory (adj), prey on (v)
poacher (n)
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poach (v)
migration (n) migrate (v)
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migratory (adj)
places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size,
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shrinking habitats
variety of different types of biological species (zróżnicowanie biologiczne)
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biodiversity
types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing,
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endangered species
people who do not believe that climate change is a serious issue,
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climate change sceptics
steady rise in average world temperatures,
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global warming
emisja dwutlenku węgla, gas from factories, cars, etc.,
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carbon (dioxide) emissions
coal, oil, etc.
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the burning of fossil fuels
warming of the Earth’s surface caused by pollution where gases trap and redirect heat back down to the Earth’s surface (efekt cierplarniany)
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greenhouse effect
puts great pressure on; formal,
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exert severe pressure on
 finite resources – limited resources that will eventually run out / be exhausted
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finite resources – limited resources that will eventually run out / be exhausted (ograniczone zasoby)
balance of natural relationships in the environment,
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ecological balance
unrestricted destruction/clearing of forests,
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uncontrolled deforestation
forecasts about the population,
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demographic projections
to grow extremely rapidly
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to grow exponentially
resources that are reducing,
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depleting resources
getting rid of waste,
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waste disposal
poisonous waste materials,
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toxic waste
zanieczyszczanie: zatruwanie (czegoś).
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contaminating
zanieczyszczać.
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Contaminate
towar: bardzo cenna substancja.
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commodity
very valuable substance,
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precious commodity
ability to ensure that a population has safe drinking water,
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water security
the worst possibilities for the future,
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the worst case scenarios
perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas.
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pristine environments
reputation for positive support of the environment and for making policies that reflect this,
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green credentials
people who always make the most depressing or pessimistic predictions about the future,
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prophets of doom and gloom
development of industry, etc. which does not damage the environment or social and economic stability, and which can continue over a period of time,
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sustainable development
energy produced using sun, wind or crops rather than coal or other fuels which cannot be replaced once used
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renewable energy
the amount of rain that falls, for example in a month or in a year,
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rainfall
dry
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arid
tending to have a particular negative characteristic,
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prone to
long period without rain,
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drought
area in the north with no trees and permanently frozen ground,
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tundra
plant life,
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vegetation
trees that are evergreen [in leaf all year round] and produce cones (lasy iglaste)
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coniferous forests
lose their leaves in winter (drzewa liściaste)
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deciduous trees
flat grasslands in Canada and northern USA (similar to steppes in Asia or pampas in South America),
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prairies
fields planted with rice growing in water,
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paddy fields
type of grass cultivated to produce a grain, e.g. a food plant like rice, wheat or
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cereals
take care of
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tend sheep and cattle
with a modern, industrial economy,
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developed nations
producing goods in large numbers,
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manufacturing steel
in an important position,
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at the forefront
produce/create
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generate
describes a country that is poor and does not have a modern,
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developing countries
industrial economy,
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industrial economy,
be related to someone who lived in the past, pochodzić od
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be descended from
existing naturally in that place (rdzenny)
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indigenous
relatives from earlier times: (przodkowie)
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ancestors
(potomkowie),
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descendants
people who move to live in another country or another part of their own country,
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migrants
is someone who leaves a country,
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emigrant
is someone who moves to live in a country,
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immigrant
made their homes.
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settled
chłodny
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chilly
lodowaty
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freezing
rześki
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nippy
upalny
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boiling
parny
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sweltering
piekący
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roasting
wietrzny
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blowy
rześki
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breezy
przytłaczający
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oppressive
duszny
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sultry
duszący
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stifling
ciężki
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heavy
duszny
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close
ulewa
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downpour
potop
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deluge
leje jak z cebra
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chucking it down
lać
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pouring
wilgotny
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humid
parny
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muggy
wilgotny
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clammy
can be created by someone’s beahaviour
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climate of distrust
atmosfera zmian
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climate of change
panujący klimat
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prevailing climate
she’s hardly ever miserable (pogodne usposobienie)
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sunny disposition
less optimistic,
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less sunny this year
with poorly reaction (e.g. plans)
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meet with a frosty reception
never get through it all in time (work)
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be snowed under with work
in trouble or disgrace,
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under a cloud
zaślepić, zniekształcić obraz,
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cloud someone’s judgement
grad kul,
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hail of bullets
grad obelg,
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a hail/storm of abuse
mgliste wspomnienia,
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a hazy memory of
 in the mists of history,
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in the mists of history – w odmętach/mgle historii,
burza spekulacji,
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a whirlwind of speculation
burzliwy romans,
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a whirlwind romance
pędziły,
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the horses thundered down
gromkie brawa, loud, deep noise,
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thunderous applause
wiatr zmian, niezadowolenia, demokracji
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the winds of change/discontent/democracy are blowing across the country
is often used to talk about the start of an idea
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the seeds of success/discontent/revolution
going back to the place where your family came from,
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going back to your roots
to suggest the origins of something,
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the root of a problem/tradition
settling down and making your home in one place,
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putting down roots
when an idea becomes known or accepted,
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to take root
of an organization or society are the ordinary people in it, not the leaders,
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the grassroots supporters
 firmly/deeply rooted – as firmly/deeply rooted,
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firmly/deeply rooted – jako mocno/głęboko zakorzeniony,
to signify that something originates in something else,
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stem
stopped before it develops into something,
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nipped in the bud
showing promise of future development,
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budding young actor
gałęzie/filie/oddziały sklepu,
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branches of a shop
firma rozgałęziająca się w nowych kierunkach,
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business branching out into new directions
pąk kwiatu/drzewa
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bud
gałąź,
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branch
nasionko,
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seed
łodyga,
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stem
korzeń
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root
get rid of sth
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weed out
cut/limit,
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prune back
is getting results from, zbierać żniwo: uzyskiwać rezultaty.
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is reaping the rewards of
experiencing results of our actions – usually used in negative contexts,
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reaping what you sowed
discover,
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dig up
was beginning to develop,
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the idea was germinating
appear quickly in large numbers,
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sprout up
doing very well, kwitnący, prosperujący:
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flourishing
first signs that the something is improving,
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green shoots of
 tree sheds its leaves – loses,
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tree sheds its leaves – loses,
 companies can shed employees/jobs,
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companies can shed employees/jobs,
get rif od worries/inhibitions/weight, (pozbywać się)
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shed
grow/develop well and successfully,
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thrive
rozgałęziać się, wchodzić w nowe kierunki.
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Branching out
obiecujący, początkujący: obiecujący przyszły rozwój.
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budding
zanikać: stawać się mniejszym.
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fade
więdnąć: usychać.
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wither
kurczyć się: stawać się mniejszym.
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shrivel
więdnąć: tracić energię.
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wilt
miażdżące spojrzenie
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withering look
> puppy,
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dog
kid,
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goat
foal,
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horse
calf
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cow
chick
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hen
cub,
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lion
cub,
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bear
calf,
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whale
cub,
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fox
calf,
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elephant
foal
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donkey
hive,
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bee
nest,
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blackbird
cage,
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canary
kennel,
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dog
tank,
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goldfish
stable.
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horse
dziób
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beak

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