ang_zs_mg2

fossil fuel

natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living things

renewable energy

energy obtained from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural process (e.g. power generated from the sun or from the wind)

reactor

a structure inside a nuclear power plant designed for the controlled release of nuclear energy (which in turn is used to produce heat and electricity)

weapon

something (such as a gun, knife, a sword or a bomb) that is used for fighting or attacking someone or for defending yourself when someone is attacking you.

death toll

number of deaths resulting from a particular cause

by-product

something that is produced as a result of making something else, or something unexpected that happens as a result of something

waste

unwanted or unusable material, substances or by-products.

humanity

human beings collectively

gut feeling

an instinct or intuition; instinctive feeling as opposed to an opinion based on facts

study

a detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation

research

the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions

scenario

a description of what could possibly happen

challenge

1. a task or situation that tests someone’s abilities 2. a call to someone to participate in a competitive situation or fight to decide who is better in terms of ability or strength

environment

1. the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity 2. the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates

accident

an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury

coal mine

a place underground where coal is dug

magnitude

1. the great size or extent of something 2. great importance

consumption

1. the action of using up a resource 2. the action of eating or drinking something

projection

1. an estimate or forecast of a future situation based on a study of present trends 2. the presentation of an image on a surface, especially a cinema screen

innovation

(the use of) a new idea or method

to rank

to have a position higher or lower than others or to be considered to have such a position

to estimate

to roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of

to amount to

1. to come to be (the total) when added together 2. to be regarded or classified as; be the equivalent of

to quit

(infml) to stop or discontinue (an action or activity)

to store

1. to keep or accumulate (something) for future use 2. to have a supply of (something useful)

catastrophic

causing sudden great damage or suffering; involving a catastrophe

logical

characterized by or capable of clear, sound reasoning; according to or agreeing with the principles of logic

abundant

existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

man-made

made or caused by human beings (as opposed to occurring or being made naturally)

current

belonging to the present time; happening or being used or done now

outdated

not modern or current; old-fashioned; out of date;

toxic

capable of causing injury or death, especially by chemical means; poisonous

wasteful

(of a person, action, or process) using something of value carelessly, senselessly or extravagantly

nuclear

relating to the nucleus of an atom

alternative

1. relating to activities that depart from or challenge traditional norms; 2. available as another alternative, possibility or choice

additional

more than is usual or expected; added, extra, or supplementary to what is already present or available

countless

too many to be counted; very many

cheap

low in price, especially in relation to similar items or services

informed

(of a decision or judgement) based on an understanding of the facts of the situation

main

chief in size, extent, or importance; principal; leading

treaty

a formally made and ratified agreement between states

facilities

something (such as a building or large piece of equipment) that is built for a specific purpose

test explosion

an explosion conducted as a test

element

each of more than a hundred substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and which are primary constituents of matter

electricity

a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) that is carried through wires and is used to operate machines, lights, etc.; electric current or power

radioactivity

emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atoms or as a consequence of a nuclear reaction

nuclear waste

radioactive waste material, for example from the use or reprocessing of nuclear fuel

usage

the action of using something or the fact of being used

disaster

a sudden accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life

harmfulness

the characteristic of being harmful

to bury

to put or hide underground; to cover completely

to operate

1. (of a person) to control the functioning of (a machine, process, or system) 2. (of a machine, process, or system) to function in a specific manner 3. to manage (a business)

to outweigh

to be heavier, greater, or more significant than

to distinguish

to recognize or treat (somebody or something) as different

to drop

1. to let something fall vertically or make it fall vertically 2. to abandon or discontinue (a course of action or study)

to develop

to invent something or bring something such as a product or service into existence

to spread

to gradually affect or cover a larger area

to contain

1. to prevent (a severe problem) from spreading or intensifying 2. to have or hold (someone or something) within

to render

1. to cause to be or become; to make 2. (computing) to process (an outline image) using colour and shading in order to make it appear solid and three-dimensional

to dispute

to disagree with something that someone says

crop

a plant grown for food, usually on a farm

compost

decaying plant material that is added to soil to improve its quality

biomass

1. the total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume 2. organic matter used as a fuel, especially in a power station for the generation of electricity

biofuel

a fuel derived immediately from living matter

acre

a unit of land area equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectare)

farmland

land used for farming

soil

the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles

root

the part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibres

drought

a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water

food supply

a stock of food supplied or available for use

carbon sink

a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water - it generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product

mineral water

water occurring in nature with some dissolved salts present, often bottled and sold as drinking water

coral reef

a ridge of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of coral

tailings

the residue of something, especially ore

ore

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitabl

concrete

a building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into moulds and forms a mass resembling stone on hardening

phototype

a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed

vessel

a ship or large boat

blanket

a large piece of woollen or similar material used as a covering on a bed or elsewhere for warmth

concentration

the relative amount of a particular substance contained within a solution or mixture or in a particular volume of space

density

1. the relationship between the mass of a substance and its size 2. the quality of being close together and difficult to go or see through

acidity

the level of acid in substances such as water, soil, or wine

expansion

the action of becoming larger or more extensive

removal

the action of taking away or abolishing something unwanted

storage

the act of putting things in a special place for use in the future, or the place where you put things

approach

1. a way of dealing with a situation or problem 2. the action of coming near or nearer to someone or something in distance or time

expense

the amount of money needs or used to do or buy something; cost

deficit

the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small

weathering

(geology) the process of wearing or being worn by long exposure to the atmosphere

to yield

to produce or generate (a result, gain, or financial return)

to convert

to be able to change from one form to another

to enhance

to improve the quality, amount, or value of something

to contain

1. to have or hold (someone or something) within 2. to be made up of (a number of things)

to restore

to return (someone or something) to a former condition, place, or position

to remove

to take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something

to scale up

to increase something in size, number or extent, especially by a constant proportion across the board

to breed

to develop (a variety of animal or plant) for a particular purpose or quality

to capture

1. to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something into your possession, especially by force 2. to catch and collect the carbon dioxide produced by machines and process so that it is not released into the environment

to combat

1. to engage in a fight with; to oppose in battle 2. to take action to reduce or prevent (something bad or undesirable)

to plant

1. to put (a seed, bulb, or plant) in the ground so that it can grow 2. to cover or supply (an area of land) with plants

to employ

1. to make use of 2. to give work to (someone) and pay them for it

to extract

to obtain (a substance or resource) from something by a special method

to scrub

to clean something by rubbing it hard

to account for

to make up a specified amount or proportion

to combust

to start to burn

to necessitate

to make (something) necessary as a result or consequence

to refer to

to mention or allude to

to figure out

1. to solve a problem or discover the answer to a question 2. to reach an understanding of a person's actions, motives, or personality

to grapple with

to try to deal with or understand a difficult problem or subject

straightforward

uncomplicated and easy to do or understand

temperate

relating to or denoting a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures

ambient

(especially of environmental conditions) existing in the surrounding area

delicate

needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged

resistant

offering resistance to something or someone

absorbent

(of a material) able to soak up liquid easily

bare

without any clothes or not covered by anything

energy-intensive

using a lot of electricity, gas, etc.

cost-effective

effective or productive in relation to its cost

aware

knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing

ecosystem

all the living things, from plants and animals to microscopic organisms that share an environment

nature

the physical world and everything in it (such as plants, animals, oceans mountains, etc.) that is not made by people

food chain

a series of types of living things in which each one uses the next lower member of the series as a source of food

trophic cascade

the secondary disruptions that go cascading through an ecosystem from which key species of predators or prey have been removed (or to which they have been added)

prey

an animal that is hunted and killed by another animal (called the predator) for food

predator

an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

excuse

a reason or explanation given to justify a fault or offence

consent

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

finding

information discovered as the result of research, inquiry or investigation

estimate

an approximate calculation or judgement of the value, number, quality, or extent of something

remains

1. a person's body after death 2. the parts left over after other parts have been removed, used, or destroyed

carrion

the decaying flesh of dead animals

trunk

1. the main woody stem of a tree as distinct from its branches and roots 2. the elongated, prehensile nose of an elephant

bark

the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub

shrub

a woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground

claw

a curved pointed horny nail on each digit of the foot in birds, lizards, and some mammals

wingspan

the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft or of a bird or other flying animal, measured from tip to tip

surroundings

the place where you live and the conditions in which you live

heath

an area of open uncultivated land, typically on acid sandy soil, with characteristic vegetation of heather, gorse, and coarse grasses

reserve

a protected area for wildlife

to sprout

(of a plant) to put out shoots

to split

to break or cause to break forcibly into parts, especially into halves or along the grain

to twist

to form into a bent, curling, or distorted shape

to browse

(of an animal) to feed on leaves, twigs, or other high-growing vegetation.

to trample

to step heavily on something or someone, causing damage or injury

to roam

to move about or travel aimlessly or unsystematically, especially over a wide area

to hunt

to pursue and kill (a wild animal) for sport or food

to drive away

to compel or induce someone to leave a place

to withstand

to remain undamaged or unaffected by; to resist

to survive

1. to continue to live or exist, especially in spite of danger or hardship 2. to manage to keep going in difficult circumstances

to multiply

(of an animal or other organism) to increase in number by reproducing

to thrive

1. (of a child, animal, or plant) to grow or develop well or vigorously 2. to prosper; to flourish

to compete

to try to be more successful than someone or something else

to evolve

(with reference to an organism or biological feature) to develop over successive generations as a result of natural selection

to go extint

to die out

to clone

to create a clone of a plant or animal

to resurrect

1. to restore (a dead person) to life 2. to revive or revitalize (something that is inactive, disused, or forgotten).

to restore

to return (someone or something) to a former condition, place, or position

to clear

to free (land) for cultivation or building by removing vegetation or existing structures

to abandon

to leave (a place or vehicle) empty or uninhabited, without intending to return

to vacate

to leave (a place that one previously occupied)

to retreat

to move back or withdraw

to retain

1. to continue to have (something); keep possession of 2. not to abolish or alter; to maintain

to undo

1. to cancel or reverse the effects or results of (a previous action or measure) 2. to cancel (the last command executed by a computer)

to proceed

1. (of an action) to carry on or continue 2. to move forward

to recover

1. to return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength 2. to remove or extract (an energy source or industrial chemical) for use, reuse, or waste treatment

to reshape

to shape or form (something) differently or again

to reintroduce

to put (a species of animal or plant) back into a former habitat

to revitalize

to give new life, energy, activity, or success to something

human

1. (zoology) of or belonging to the genus Homo 2. relating to or characteristic of humankind

infertile

1. (of a person, animal, or plant) unable to reproduce itself; unable to have young 2. (of land) unable to sustain crops or vegetation

barren

1. (of a tree or plant) not producing fruit or seed 2. (of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation.

hind

(especially of a bodily part) situated at the back; posterior

uncompetitive

1. (of a product or service) not as good as other products or services with similar prices 2. not competitive

commercial

1. (of a product) that can be bought or is intended to be bought by the general public 2. having profit rather than artistic or other value as a primary aim

overpopulated

having an excessively large population

essential

absolutely necessary; extremely important

marine

relating to or found in the sea