Advanced English (2) • NOUNS • 'R'

raft noun [C ] C1 idiomatic • synonyms: multitude, range, flood • a raft of ideas/regulations/problems; a whole raft of something • freq in AmE: 6/10

a large number or wide range of things; often used informally to emphasize variety, abundance, or overwhelming quantity

noun [C ] C2 informal/disapproving • synonyms: tirade, outburst, diatribe • angry/political/emotional rant; launch into/go on a rant; viral/online rant • freq in AmE: 5/10

a loud, angry, or impassioned speech or piece of writing, often expressing strong opinions or complaints in an uncontrolled or exaggerated way

noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: reunion, resolution, healing, settlement • reconciliation between people/nations; reconciliation with past/self; financial reconciliation; truth and reconciliation • freq in AmE: 7/10

the process of restoring harmony or resolving differences between people, ideas, or systems; also used in accounting to ensure consistency between records

noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: revival, comeback, reawakening • resurgence of interest/hope/nationalism/culture/economy • freq in AmE: 5/10

a rising again into life, activity, or prominence after a period of decline, dormancy, or obscurity — often used to describe cultural, political, emotional, or natural renewal

noun [U ] C1 formal • synonyms: reserve, restraint, silence • reticence about something; motional/cultural/poetic reticence; reticence in speech/grief/confession • freq in AmE: 5/10

the quality of being reserved, restrained, or unwilling to speak freely; often associated with discretion, modesty, or emotional self-protection

collocation with rifle noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: be armed, bear a rifle, carry weapon • carry a rifle in military/hunting/security context; be seen carrying a rifle; trained to carry a rifle; rifle-carrying patrols • freq in AmE: 5/10

to have a rifle in one’s possession, typically while walking, patrolling, or performing duties; often used in military, hunting, or law enforcement contexts

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: bitterness, frustration, indignation • feel/harbor/suppress/bear resentment; resentment toward/against someone; deep/long-standing resentment *• freq in AmE: 7/10

a feeling of anger, bitterness, or frustration caused by being treated unfairly or by unresolved emotional tension; often simmering and long-lasting

collocation with resentment noun [U ] C1 (also harbor/suppress/bear resentment toward/against someone) • synonyms: harbor bitterness, bear a grudge • still/deeply/quietly feel resentment; feel resentment over something *• freq in AmE: 7/10

to experience bitterness, frustration, or emotional pain directed at a specific person, often due to perceived injustice, neglect, or betrayal

collocation with resentment noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: nurse bitterness, suppress anger, hold a grudge • harbor resentment toward/against someone; secretly/still/quietly harbor resentment; harbor resentment over something *• freq in AmE: 6/10

to hold onto feelings of bitterness or emotional pain toward someone over time, often without expressing them openly; implies suppressed or lingering resentment

noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: sanctuary, haven, hideaway • peaceful/spiritual retreat; go on/escape to/find a retreat; retreat from stress/life/noise; offer/create a retreat • freq in AmE: 6/10

a quiet, secluded place where one can relax, reflect, or escape from stress; also used for organized getaways focused on rest, healing, or personal growth

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: pest, mammal, scavenger • small/invasive/disease-carrying rodent; rodent infestation/control/species • freq in AmE: 6/10

a small mammal with constantly growing front teeth, such as a mouse, rat, squirrel, or beaver; often associated with pests, but also with adaptability and survival

noun [C usually singular ] C1 • synonyms: chain reaction, domino effect, knock-on effect, aftermath, consequence • have/cause/create a ripple effect (on something); experience/feel the ripple effect • freq in AmE: 9/10

a situation in which one event or action causes a series of other events to happen, similar to waves spreading on water after a stone is thrown in

collocation with ripple effect noun [C usually singular ] C1 • synonyms: cause a chain reaction, trigger consequences, set off effects, create impact • have a ripple effect on something; produce/trigger/feel the ripple effect • freq in AmE: 9/10

to cause a series of other events, reactions, or consequences to happen indirectly as a result of one initial action or decision

noun [C ] C2 religious • synonyms: prayer beads, Marian devotion, Holy Rosary • say/pray/recite the rosary; rosary beads/mysteries/procession • freq in AmE: 5/10

a string of beads used by Catholics to count prayers, especially the Hail Mary, as part of a meditative devotion; also refers to the prayer itself (“to say the rosary”)

noun [C, + sing/pl verb ] C1 • synonyms: military unit, battalion, formation • infantry/cavalry regiment; serve in a regiment; regiment of soldiers • freq in AmE: 5/10

a military unit consisting of several battalions, typically commanded by a colonel; also used metaphorically to describe a large, organized group or strict system

noun [S or U ] C1 • rapport with someone; rapport between A and B; a close/good/friendly rapport; build/establish a rapport; have a rapport

a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them

collocation with rapport noun [S or U ] C1 • synonyms: connect, bond, establish trust • build/develop/maintain a rapport; rapport with clients/patients/audience • freq in AmE: 6/10

to establish a relationship of mutual trust, understanding, and positive connection — often through communication, empathy, and shared experience

noun [U ] C1 formal/neutral • synonyms: self-control, moderation, composure • show/exercise restraint; emotional/diplomatic restraint; respond with restraint; admirable/quiet restraint; restraint under pressure • freq in AmE: 6/10

calm and controlled behavior; the ability to hold back emotions, impulses, or reactions — especially in difficult or provocative situations

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: memorization, drill-based learning • discourage/rely on rote learning; rote vs. active/conceptual learning; rote learning methods/habits; trapped in rote learning • freq in AmE: 6/10

learning by repetition and memorization without necessarily understanding the meaning or context

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: relief, pause, reprieve • brief/welcome respite; respite from pain/stress/chaos; offer/provide/seek respite; emotional/mental/spiritual respite; respite and recovery/healing • freq in AmE: 5/10

a short period of rest, relief, or pause from something difficult, unpleasant, or exhausting

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: eloquence, persuasion, bombast • political/inflammatory/persuasive rhetoric; use/employ/tone down rhetoric; rhetoric vs reality; rhetorical devices/questions • freq in AmE: 7/10

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques; also, language that is elaborate or insincere, often used to influence or manipulate

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: implied question, stylistic device • ask/use/employ rhetorical question; powerful/ironic/unanswered rhetorical question; rhetorical question as strategy/flourish; echoing/hanging in the air • freq in AmE: 6/10

a question asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer; the speaker does not expect a reply, as the answer is either obvious or implied

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: system, government, rule • authoritarian/brutal regime; overthrow/support regime; regime enforces/collapses; fitness/dietary regime; regime change/propaganda • freq in AmE: 6/10

a system or method of government or administration, especially one that is authoritarian or controlling; also used for structured systems like diets or training plans

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: cause, origin, source • root of problem/conflict; address/identify root; deep/systemic/emotional root; root cause analysis; stems from/has its root in • freq in AmE: 7/10

(CAUSE/ORIGIN) the basic cause, source, or origin of something, especially a problem, feeling, or situation

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: core issue, origin, source • identify/address/eliminate root cause; root cause of failure/conflict/injustice; root cause analysis; uncover/misdiagnose root cause • freq in AmE: 6/10

the fundamental reason for the occurrence of a problem or situation; the deepest underlying factor that must be addressed to achieve lasting resolution

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: text understanding, reading skills • improve/test/support reading comprehension; strategies/questions/levels; comprehension and vocabulary/fluency/attention • freq in AmE: 8/10

the ability to understand, interpret, and reflect on written texts; a key skill in language learning, education, and cognitive development

noun phrase [U ] C1 • synonyms: receptive skills, comprehension abilities • test/support reading and listening comprehension; skills/strategies/exercises; comprehension and vocabulary/attention • freq in AmE: 7/10

the combined ability to understand, interpret, and reflect on both written and spoken texts; a core skill in language acquisition, testing, and cognitive development

noun [C usually plural, U ] C1 • synonyms: echo, resonance, aftermath • reverberation of sound/voice/explosion; emotional/political/cultural reverberations; reverberations linger/spread/deepen; trigger/amplify reverberations; reverberations of war

a repeated echo of sound; metaphorically, a lasting effect or consequence that continues to be felt or heard

noun [S or U ] C1 formal • synonyms: legal order, constitutionalism, legal equality • uphold/violate/restore rule of law; commitment to/respect for rule of law; erosion/threats to rule of law; rule of law in democratic/authoritarian systems

the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law, which is fairly applied and enforced

noun [C or U ] C2 formal • synonyms: memory, reflection, nostalgia • share/write/evoke a reminiscence; fond/nostalgic/poetic reminiscence; reminiscence of youth/past; reminiscence stirs/awakens memory; indulge in reminiscence

a spoken or written account of past experiences; the act of remembering and reflecting on past events, often with affection or nostalgia