Advanced English (2) • ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS • 'P'

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perennial
adjective C2 • synonyms: enduring, constant, recurring • a perennial problem/theme/favorite; perennial optimism; perennial plants bloom yearly • freq in AmE: 6/10
Climate change is a perennial issue in global politics. | 2. She has a perennial love for poetry. | 3. The garden is full of perennial plants that bloom every year.
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wieczny, nieustanny, powracający
lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring
Zmiany klimatyczne to nieustanny temat w polityce globalnej. | 2. Ma wieczną miłość do poezji. | 3. Ogród pełen jest wieloletnich roślin, które kwitną co roku.
pre-eminent
adjective [before noun ] C2 formal • synonyms: outstanding, leading, foremost, distinguished • pre-eminent scholar/artist/leader; pre-eminent in a field/industry; pre-eminent status/position • freq in AmE: 3/10
The company is a pre-eminent force in renewable energy. | 2. The gallery features works by pre-eminent contemporary artists.
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wybitny, przodujący, czołowy
more important, skilled, or distinguished than others in a particular field; surpassing all others; outstanding
Firma jest czołowym graczem w branży energii odnawialnej. | 2. Galeria prezentuje dzieła wybitnych współczesnych artystów.
preemptively
adverb formal C2 • synonyms: proactively, preventively, in advance • act/respond/prevent/react preemptively; preemptively apologize/recall/book • freq in AmE: 4/10
The company preemptively recalled the product to avoid legal issues. | 2. He preemptively booked tickets, fearing they might sell out.
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z wyprzedzeniem, zapobiegawczo
in a way that is intended to prevent something from happening by acting before it occurs; proactively, in advance, often to avoid risk, conflict, or disadvantage
Firma zapobiegawczo wycofała produkt, by uniknąć problemów prawnych. | 2. Zarezerwował bilety z wyprzedzeniem, obawiając się, że się wyprzedadzą.
preventive
adjective [before noun ] C2 formal (also preventative) • synonyms: protective, precautionary, proactive • preventive care/measures/checks/treatment; preventive strategy • freq in AmE: 8/10
The doctor recommended a preventive check-up every six months.
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profilaktyczny, zapobiegawczy, prewencyjny
intended to stop something from happening, especially illness, damage, or danger; designed to reduce risk or avoid problems before they occur
Lekarz zalecił profilaktyczne badania co pół roku.
prior
adjective [before noun ] C1 formal • synonyms: previous, earlier, former • prior experience/knowledge/commitments; prior to something; years/days prior • freq in AmE: 7/10
She had no prior experience in marketing. | 2. Prior to the meeting, please review the agenda. | 3. They had met once, years prior.
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wcześniejszy, uprzedni, poprzedni
existing or coming before something else in time, order, or importance; earlier or previous
Nie miała wcześniejszego doświadczenia w marketingu. | 2. Przed spotkaniem proszę zapoznać się z agendą. | 3. Spotkali się raz, wiele lat wcześniej.
prior to (doing) something
collocation with prior adjective [before noun ] C1 formal • synonym: before • prior to doing something; prior to the event/deadline/start; prior to joining/leaving/acting • freq in AmE: 6/10
Prior to joining the company, she worked as a freelancer. | 2. Please submit your application prior to the deadline.
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przed (zrobieniem) czegoś, przed czymś, zanim
before a particular time or event; a formal equivalent of before
Zanim dołączyła do firmy, pracowała jako freelancerka. | 2. Proszę złożyć wniosek przed upływem terminu.
post-apocalyptic
adjective C1 (also post-Apocalyptic, postapocalyptic) • synonyms: after-the-collapse, ruinous, survivalist • post-apocalyptic world/future/setting; post-apocalyptic fiction/genre/feel • freq in AmE: 7/10
The landscape resembles a scene from a post-apocalyptic disaster movie.
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postapokaliptyczny, po katastrofie cywilizacyjnej
relating to a time or world after a major catastrophe — especially one that has destroyed civilization, such as nuclear war, pandemic, or environmental collapse
Krajobraz przypomina scenę z postapokaliptycznego filmu katastroficznego.
predestined
adjective C2 • synonyms: fated, inevitable, foreordained, destined • (predestined to fail/succeed/love); predestined outcome/path/role • freq in AmE: 3/10
The hero’s downfall felt tragically predestined from the start.
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przeznaczony z góry, zaplanowany przez los, nieunikniony
determined in advance by fate, divine will, or inevitable circumstances; often implies that events or outcomes are fixed and unavoidable, regardless of personal choice
Upadek bohatera wydawał się od początku nieunikniony.
predestined doom
collocation with predestined adjective C2 • synonyms: fated, inevitable, foreordained, destined • (predestined to fail/succeed/love); predestined outcome/path/role • freq in AmE: 3/10
The hero marched toward his predestined doom, knowing he could not escape it.
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przeznaczone z góry zgubienie, nieunikniona zagłada, fatalny los
a fate of destruction, failure, or death that is believed to be inevitable and determined in advance — often used in tragic, mythic, or philosophical contexts to evoke a sense of inescapable ruin
Bohater zmierzał ku przeznaczonemu zgubieniu, świadomy nieuchronności.
prone to excitement
collocation with prone adjective C2 • synonyms: excitable, reactive, enthusiastic • patterns: be prone to excitement; become prone to excitement in situations • collocations: prone to excitement/joy/impulses/stimulation • freq in AmE: 5/10
He’s prone to excitement when talking about his passions. | 2. The dog was prone to excitement around new people.
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podatny na ekscytację, skłonny do podekscytowania
likely to become excited easily; having a natural tendency to react with enthusiasm, emotional intensity, or energetic anticipation
Ekscytuje się, gdy mówi o swoich pasjach. | 2. Pies był skłonny do ekscytacji przy nowych osobach.
prevailing trend
collocation with prevailing adjective [not gradable, before noun ] C1 • synonyms: dominant tendency, main current, widespread pattern • prevailing trend in fashion/thought/politics; follow/resist/analyze a trend • freq in AmE: 6/10
The prevailing trend in education favors digital learning. | 2. Analysts are watching the prevailing trend in consumer behavior. | 3. This artwork challenges the prevailing trend of minimalism.
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dominujący trend, przeważająca tendencja, główny nurt
a dominant or widespread pattern, tendency, or direction of change in a particular context (e.g. society, economy, fashion, thought)
Dominującym trendem w edukacji jest nauka zdalna. | 2. Obraz ten podważa przeważającą tendencję do minimalizmu. | 3. Warto analizować główny nurt opinii publicznej.
pungent
adjective C2 • synonyms: sharp, acrid, spicy • pungent smell/flavor/cheese; taste/smell/be pungent • freq in AmE: 6/10
She added garlic for its pungent flavor. | 2. The air was pungent with the smell of vinegar and spices.
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ostry (smak, zapach), gryzący, intensywny
having a strong, sharp, and often biting smell or taste; typically used to describe foods, spices, or odors that are intense, spicy, or acrid
Dodała czosnek dla jego intensywnego smaku. | 2. Powietrze było gryzące od zapachu octu i przypraw.
provocative
adjective C1 • synonyms: daring, controversial, suggestive • provocative outfit/speech/art; look/sound/be provocative • freq in AmE: 6/10
She wore a provocative outfit that turned heads. | 2. His speech was provocative, stirring strong emotions in the audience.
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prowokacyjny, wyzywający, budzący silne reakcje
intended to arouse interest, reaction, or emotion—often by being bold, revealing, controversial, or emotionally charged; used to describe clothing, actions, speech, or art that challenges norms or attracts attention
Miała na sobie wyzywający strój, który przyciągał spojrzenia. | 2. Jego przemówienie było prowokacyjne i wzbudziło silne emocje.
piquant
adjective [C1 ] • synonyms: spicy, zesty, sharp • piquant flavor/sauce/dish; slightly/pleasantly/richly piquant; piquant notes/aroma/kick • freq in AmE: 3/10
The sauce had a piquant kick that balanced the sweetness.
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pikantny, ostry, wyrazisty (o jedzeniu)
having a pleasantly sharp or spicy flavor; stimulating to the palate without being overwhelmingly hot—often used to describe food that is flavorful and lively
Sos miał pikantny akcent, który równoważył słodycz.
be prone to something / be prone to do something
collocation with prone adjective C2 • synonyms: tend to, be susceptible to, have a tendency to • prone to anxiety/errors/illness; prone to exaggerate/forget/complain • freq in AmE: 7/10
Children are prone to catching colds in winter. | 2. People prone to procrastination often struggle with deadlines.
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mieć skłonność do (zrobienia) czegoś
having a tendency or inclination to experience, do, or suffer from something, especially something negative or undesirable
Dzieci są podatne na przeziębienia zimą. | 2. Osoby podatne na prokrastynację często mają trudności z dotrzymywaniem terminów.
piss-poor
adjective C2 informal, slang • synonyms: lousy, pathetic, dreadful • piss-poor excuse/performance/service; give/do a piss-poor job; piss-poor quality/results/effort; sound/look piss-poor • freq in AmE: 4/10
That was a piss-poor excuse for an apology. | 2. The service at the restaurant was piss-poor.
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żałosny, beznadziejny, fatalny
extremely bad, inadequate, or disappointing; used to express strong disapproval or frustration, often in casual or emotionally charged speech
To była żałosna wymówka. | 2. Obsługa w tej restauracji była fatalna.
prescient
adjective C2 formal • synonyms: prophetic, visionary, farsighted • prescient insight/remark/vision; prescient about politics, tech, climate • freq in AmE: 4/10
The novel’s prescient depiction of surveillance foreshadowed modern realities.
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proroczy, przewidujący, dalekowzroczny
having or showing knowledge of events before they take place; marked by foresight or prophetic insight
Powieść zawierała dalekowzroczny obraz społeczeństwa pod nadzorem.
probing
adjective C1 • synonyms: searching, penetrating, inquisitive • probing questions/inquiry/investigation/gaze • ask probing questions; conduct a probing examination/analysis • freq in AmE: 6/10
The journalist asked probing questions about the company's financial practices. | 2. Her probing gaze made him feel uncomfortable, as if she could read his thoughts.
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dociekliwy, wnikliwy, badawczy
searching deeply and thoroughly, especially when asking questions or examining something to discover hidden information or truth
Dziennikarz zadawał dociekliwe pytania o praktyki finansowe firmy. | 2. Jej wnikliwe spojrzenie sprawiało, że czuł się niekomfortowo, jakby mogła czytać w jego myślach.
probing question
collocation with probing adjective C1 • synonyms: penetrating, incisive, searching • ask/pose probing question; probing question about motives/details; probing questions in therapy/interview/debate • freq in AmE: 6/10
Therapists often use probing questions to uncover emotional patterns. | 2. Her probing question made him pause and reconsider his stance.
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dociekliwe pytanie, wnikliwe pytanie
a question designed to explore something deeply, uncover hidden details, or challenge assumptions — often used to elicit thoughtful, revealing, or clarifying responses
Terapeuci często stosują dociekliwe pytania w celu odkrycia wzorców emocjonalnych. | 2. Jej dociekliwe pytanie kazało mu się zatrzymać i rozważyć swoje stanowisko.
plush
adjective [approving ] C2 • synonyms: luxurious, opulent, elegant, indulgent • plush hotel/interior/lifestyle/furnishings; plush leather chairs • freq in AmE: 5/10
They stayed in a plush hotel overlooking the bay. | 2. The office was furnished with plush leather chairs and mahogany desks.
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luksusowy, elegancki, wygodny (np. o hotelu)
expensively comfortable, richly decorated, or luxurious in appearance or feel; often used to describe interiors, hotels, furnishings, or experiences that convey indulgence and refinement
Zatrzymali się w luksusowym hotelu z widokiem na zatokę. | 2. Biuro było urządzone z przepychem — skórzane fotele, mahoniowe biurka.
plush
adjective C1 informal • synonyms: velvety, soft, cushioned, fuzzy • plush fabric/toy/cushion/blanket; plush texture/feel/surface • freq in AmE: 6/10
She sank into the plush cushions of the armchair. | 2. His voice had a plush warmth — smooth, deep, and comforting.
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miękki, puszysty, przyjemny w dotyku (np. materiał, powierzchnia)
soft, thick, and richly textured to the touch; often used to describe fabrics, toys, or surfaces that feel velvety, cushioned, or luxurious
Zatopiła się w puszystych poduszkach fotela. | 2. Jego głos miał miękką głębię — gładki, ciepły, kojący.
plush accommodations
collocation with plush adjective C2 approving • synonyms: luxury lodging, elegant stay, upscale housing • plush accommodations at resort/hotel/retreat; upgrade to plush accommodations • freq in AmE: 4/10
The resort offers plush accommodations with ocean views and spa access.
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luksusowe zakwaterowanie, eleganckie noclegi, wygodne apartamenty
luxurious and expensively comfortable places to stay, such as hotels, suites, or private residences; often associated with high-end amenities, elegant design, and indulgent service
Ośrodek oferuje luksusowe zakwaterowanie z widokiem na ocean i dostępem do spa.

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