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What are the operationally important components of the EASA fuel scheme? commencer à apprendre
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Taxi + trip + contingency + destination alternate if required + final reserve + additional if required; extra and discretionary fuel are added when applicable.
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What is the key difference between contingency fuel and Final Reserve Fuel? commencer à apprendre
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Contingency covers unforeseen variation in planned trip consumption; Final Reserve is a protected reserve intended to remain available until landing.
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Under the basic EASA fuel scheme for Performance Class A aeroplanes, how is contingency fuel normally calculated? commencer à apprendre
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The higher of 5% of planned trip fuel or 5 minutes at holding speed at 1,500 ft above destination, unless an approved alternative fuel scheme is used.
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What is Final Reserve Fuel for a turbine-engined CAT aeroplane? commencer à apprendre
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30 minutes at holding speed at 1,500 ft above the relevant aerodrome in standard conditions.
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What does destination alternate fuel include? commencer à apprendre
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Missed approach at destination, then climb, cruise, descent, approach and landing at the selected alternate.
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What is the purpose of additional fuel? commencer à apprendre
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To protect a critical scenario such as engine failure or loss of pressurisation when the other planned fuel components are insufficient.
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What does the basic additional-fuel critical scenario provide for? commencer à apprendre
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Flight from the most critical point to a fuel ERA, then 15 minutes holding at 1,500 ft, approach and landing.
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What is the difference between extra fuel and discretionary fuel? commencer à apprendre
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Extra fuel covers anticipated delays or specific operational constraints; discretionary fuel is added solely at the commander’s discretion.
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What is the key decision principle during an in-flight fuel check? commencer à apprendre
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Reassess whether the flight can still reach a safe landing aerodrome while protecting the required Final Reserve Fuel.
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What is the difference between MINIMUM FUEL and MAYDAY FUEL? commencer à apprendre
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MINIMUM FUEL means further delay or clearance change may cause landing below FRF; MAYDAY FUEL means landing at the nearest safe aerodrome below FRF is already predicted.
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Does MINIMUM FUEL automatically give ATC priority? commencer à apprendre
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No. It is not an emergency declaration.
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Should a crew wait until Final Reserve Fuel is actually being consumed before declaring MAYDAY FUEL? commencer à apprendre
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No. The declaration is based on predicted fuel at landing.
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What is the fundamental difference between an MMEL and an MEL? commencer à apprendre
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The MMEL is the type-level master document; the MEL is the operator-specific approved document used for dispatch.
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What is the purpose of the MEL? commencer à apprendre
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To define the conditions under which safe dispatch is permitted with specified equipment inoperative; it is an alleviating document, not a target operating condition.
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What do (O) and (M) mean in an MEL? commencer à apprendre
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(O) requires an operational procedure; (M) requires a maintenance procedure.
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What are the standard MEL rectification intervals? commencer à apprendre
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A: as specifically stated; B: 3 calendar days; C: 10 calendar days; D: 120 calendar days, normally excluding the day of discovery.
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Why must multiple deferred defects be considered together? commencer à apprendre
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Their combined effect may create operational consequences or hazards not present when each defect is considered separately.
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How can an MEL item affect the operation beyond the failed system itself? commencer à apprendre
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It may change performance, procedures, fuel requirements, route/aerodrome capability or approvals such as RVSM or LVO.
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What is the practical difference between MEL and CDL? commencer à apprendre
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MEL deals mainly with inoperative equipment; CDL permits operation with specified external parts missing, subject to limitations and performance penalties.
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What is the clean-aircraft principle? commencer à apprendre
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Take-off must not commence with contamination that can adversely affect performance or controllability, except where specifically permitted by approved aircraft procedures.
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What is the operational difference between de-icing and anti-icing? commencer à apprendre
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De-icing removes existing contamination; anti-icing provides temporary protection against further accumulation.
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How do one-step and two-step de/anti-icing differ? commencer à apprendre
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One-step removes contamination and provides protection in one treatment; two-step removes contamination first and applies anti-icing protection separately.
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When does Holdover Time start? commencer à apprendre
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For one-step treatment, at the start of de/anti-icing; for two-step treatment, at the start of the second anti-icing step.
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Is Holdover Time a guaranteed safe period? commencer à apprendre
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No. It is an estimate and actual protection may end earlier as conditions change.
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What conditions can make a published HOT unreliable or invalid? commencer à apprendre
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Changes in precipitation type/intensity, temperature, wind, aircraft surface temperature or other conditions outside the HOT assumptions.
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What should be done if frozen contamination begins accumulating before HOT expires? commencer à apprendre
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The protection has failed; the aircraft must not take off without the required reassessment or treatment.
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What are the current wake-turbulence categories? commencer à apprendre
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SUPER: designated types; HEAVY: ≥136,000 kg except SUPER; MEDIUM: >7,000 kg and <136,000 kg; LIGHT: ≤7,000 kg MCTOM.
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Which aircraft append wake category to the callsign on initial radiotelephony contact? commencer à apprendre
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HEAVY and SUPER aircraft use “HEAVY” or “SUPER” as applicable.
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What is RVSM and where is it normally applied? commencer à apprendre
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1,000 ft vertical separation between appropriately approved aircraft from FL290 through FL410 inclusive.
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What aircraft systems are fundamental for RVSM operation? commencer à apprendre
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Two independent altitude-measurement systems, altitude alerting, automatic altitude control and an altitude-reporting SSR transponder.
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What should be done if required RVSM equipment fails before entering RVSM airspace? commencer à apprendre
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Do not enter as RVSM; advise ATC and obtain an appropriate clearance.
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What is an important RVSM cross-check between primary altimeters? commencer à apprendre
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At least two primary altitude indications should agree within ±200 ft; otherwise the altimetry system is treated as defective and ATC is notified.
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What is the purpose of EDTO/ETOPS planning? commencer à apprendre
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To ensure that an aircraft operating far from suitable aerodromes can safely divert following relevant failures.
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Which two scenarios are especially important in extended-diversion planning? commencer à apprendre
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Engine failure and loss of pressurisation.
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Why can depressurisation become the fuel-critical extended-diversion scenario? commencer à apprendre
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The required low-altitude diversion can greatly increase fuel consumption.
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What is the EASA Window of Circadian Low (WOCL)? commencer à apprendre
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02:00–05:59 in the time zone to which the crew member is acclimatised.
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How may a planned maximum daily FDP be extended without in-flight rest? commencer à apprendre
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By up to 1 hour, no more than twice in any 7 consecutive days, subject to the applicable sector/WOCL limitations.
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What additional rest is required with a planned 1-hour FDP extension? commencer à apprendre
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Either pre- and post-flight rest are each increased by 2 hours, or post-flight rest alone is increased by 4 hours.
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What are the key EASA split-duty rules worth remembering? commencer à apprendre
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The ground break is at least 3 consecutive hours, counts fully as FDP, and the basic FDP may be extended by up to 50% of the qualifying break.
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When is suitable accommodation required during split duty? commencer à apprendre
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For a break of 6 hours or more or a break encroaching the WOCL.
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How does positioning before an operating sector affect FTL? commencer à apprendre
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Positioning after reporting and before operating counts as FDP but does not count as a sector; all positioning counts as duty.
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What are the basic minimum-rest rules at and away from home base? commencer à apprendre
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At home base: the longer of 12 hours or the preceding duty; away from home base: the longer of 10 hours or the preceding duty.
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What is commander’s discretion intended for? commencer à apprendre
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Unforeseen circumstances in actual operations, not routine roster planning.
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How far may FDP normally be increased using commander’s discretion? commencer à apprendre
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Up to 2 hours; up to 3 hours with augmented flight crew, subject to the applicable conditions.
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What is the most important limitation behind every FTL calculation? commencer à apprendre
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Being legally within an FDP limit does not by itself mean a crew member is fit to operate; fatigue and alertness remain safety considerations.
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